Final Review

Question 1

Isotonic

Answer 1

solution that has the same solute concentration as the normal cells of the body and blood.

Question 2

Hypotonic

Answer 2

has more water(solvent) than solute

Question 3

Hypertonic

Answer 3

solution with more stuff, less water

Question 4

what will happen to an animal cell that is placed in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 4

it will burst

Question 5

endergonic reaction

Answer 5

(uphill)
Chemical reaction that requires an input of energy; opposite of exergonic reaction.

plants use endergonic reactions to make a small amount of glucose. they then burn that energy and use exergonic reactions to assemble glucose molecules.

Question 6

exergonic reation

Answer 6

(downhill)
proceed with a net release of free energy. reactions occure spontaneously

exmpl: water turbines flow downhill from one to the next

Question 7

Metabolism

Answer 7

sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on inside a cell

Question 8

where does glycolysis occure

Answer 8

in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Question 9

what are the reactants of glycolysis?

Answer 9

• 1molecule of glucose

- 2 ATP

Question 10

what are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 10

• 2 pyruvate
• 4 ATP(2 net)
• 2 NADH

Question 11

Glycolysis net yield

Answer 11

2 ATP + 2NADH + 2 pyruvate

Question 12

where does the krebs cylce occur?

Answer 12

the mitochondrial matrix

Question 13

KREBS CYCLE REACTANTS

Answer 13

2 ACETYL CO. A (co enzyme A)
2 FAD+
2 NAD+ 
2 ADP 
2 PHOSPHATE

Question 14

Products of Krebs cycle

Answer 14

4 CO2
6 NADH

2 FADH2

2ATP

Question 15

net yield of the krebs cycle?

Answer 15

2 ATP

Question 16

where does the Electron transport chain occur?

Answer 16

cristae(inner membrane) of the mitochondria

Question 17

Electron transport chain reactants

Answer 17

8-10 NADH

2-4 FADH

Question 18

products of the Electron transport chain

Answer 18

32-34 ATP

Question 19

net yield of the electron transport train

Answer 19

32-34 ATP

Question 20

the movement of electrons down the mitochondrial electron transport chain
a- directly causes the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
b- directly causes the formation of NADH from NAD+
c- moves protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
d- captures light energy

Answer 20

c

Question 21

durring mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, H2o is formed. Where does the
oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?
a-pyruvate
b-carbon dioxide
c-atmosqheric oxygen
d-glucose

Answer 21

c

Question 22

when glucose is broken down to pyruvate in glycolysis, most of the energy
of glucose is:
a- captured in a proton gradient
b-retained in the pyruvate
c-stored in the NADH
d-transfered to ADP, forming ATP

Answer 22

b retained in the pyruvate

Question 23

in anaerobic fermentation, cells convert pyruvate to lactate or to ethanol
and co2 because:
a- pyruvate is toxic and must be converted to a nontoxic end product
b- these reactions convert NADH back to NAD+
c- these reactions produce additional ATP
d- the reactions convert ATP back to ADP and Pi

Answer 23

b

Question 24

which of the following statements about the krebs cycle is false?
a-it uses O2
b-it produces CO2
c-it produces NADH
d-it removes electrons from carbon

Answer 24

a

Question 25

``` in aerobic respiration, energy from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? a- mitochondrial inner membrane b- mitochondrial intermembrane space c- cytosol d- mitochondrial outer membrane e- mitochondrial matrix ```

Answer 25

b- mitochondrial intermembrane space

Question 26

``` The krebs cycle produces ______ co2 molecules per pyruvate a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 0 ```

Answer 26

a

Question 27

which of the following statements about the light reactions of  photosynthesis is False? a- the splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons b- chlorophyll(and other pigments) absorb light energy which excites electrons c- an electron transport chain is used to create a proton gradient d- the proton gradient is used to reduce NADP+ e- some electrons are recycled and some are not

Answer 27

d

Question 28

the cyclic electron flow is a part of which photosystem?

Answer 28

photosystem 1

Question 29

in which photosystem does non cyclic electron flow occur?

Answer 29

it starts in photosystem 2 then moves to photosystem 1. so both

Question 30

where do the electrons for non cyclic electron flow come from?

Answer 30

splitting water molecule(s)

Question 31

what does topoisomerase do?

Answer 31

enzyme that relieves the tension in a helix as it unwinds durring DNA synthesis (like unwinding a phone cord)

Question 32

DNA ligase

Answer 32

follows DNA polymerase 1. links the okasaki fragments of DNA on the lagging strand after the RNA primers have been replaced by DNA.

Question 33

what do single-strand binding proteins do?

Answer 33

help hold DNA strands apart while they are | being replicated

Question 34

DNA polymerase 3

Answer 34

adds nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA | strand

Question 35

what does helicase do?

Answer 35

enzyme that untwists the double helix starting DNA replication

Question 36

what are histones?

Answer 36

proteins that bind tightly to DNA because DNA is negatively charged and histones are positively charged. DNA wraps around histones then bunches together when chromosomes are formed.

Question 37

what are okazaki fragments

Answer 37

parts of the lagging strand of DNA that join together to form a new strand

Question 38

RNA primase

Answer 38

lays down an RNA primer on the lagging strand of DNA so DNA polymerase 3 knows where to begin laying down new DNA

Question 39

what does DNA polymerase 1 do?

Answer 39

replaces the RNA primer on the lagging strand with DNA

Question 40

in which direction is dna synthesized? from 5' to 3' or from 3' to 5'

Answer 40

from 5' to 3'

Question 41

what is a gene?

Answer 41

a list of DNA instructions to make a protein.

Question 42

Allele

Answer 42

One of the different forms of a gene which occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes.