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Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

breathing

A

exchange of gases

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2
Q

cellular respiration

A

aerobic harvesting of energy in food molecules

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3
Q

chemical equation of cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 → ATP + H2O + CO2

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4
Q

stages of cellular respiration

A

glycosis
citric acid cycle / krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

reactants, products, and location of glycosis

A

glucose
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
cytoplasm

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6
Q

reactants, products, and location of citric acid cycle

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP, NADH, CO2, and FADH2
mitochondrial matrix

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7
Q

reactants, products, and location of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons shuttled by NADH and FADH2
32 ATP
inner membrane of the mitochondria

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8
Q

redox reaction

A

oxidation- loss of H atoms and electrons

reduction- gain of H atoms and electrons

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9
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate directly to an ADP, creating an ATP

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10
Q

steps within oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain

chemiosmosis

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11
Q

where does the ETC take place and why is it beneficiall?

A

cristae(folds) of the inner mitchondrial membrane increases surface area, allowing for many copies of the ETC

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12
Q

where do the electrons go in the ETC?

A

they leave NADH and FADH2 and move through proteins in the membrane
oxygen is the final electron accepter and H2O is produced as a result
energy released from the e- movement is used to actively transport H+ across the membrane

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13
Q

Describe the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

H+ ions move from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

how does ATP synthase use the H+ gradient

A

as H+ ions are being transported, the rotation of the enzyme activated the synthase of ADP and a phosphate group

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15
Q

Describe what happens to cellular respiration when agents (such as cyanine, carbon monoxide, rotenone) disrupt this process.

A

they disrupt cellular respiration by blocking the ETC

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16
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

creating energy in the absence of oxygen

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17
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

requires anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen

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18
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can make ATP either by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation

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19
Q

products of lactic acid fermentation

A

lactic acid

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20
Q

products of alcohol fermentation

A

ethanol and CO2

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21
Q

where does photosynthesis occur in a leaf

A

chloroplasts

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22
Q

parts and functions of a chlorplast

A

stroma - dark reactions/Calvin Cycle

grana (stacks of thylakoids) - light reactions

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23
Q

reactants of photosynthesis and where do they come from?

A

CO2 and H2O from the atmosphere

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24
Q

products of photosynthesis

A

O2
C6H12O6 (glucose)
H2O

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25
2 stages of photosynthesis
light reactions | dark reactions/calvin cycle
26
what molecules link the two stages of photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH
27
what happens when a photon is absorbed by a pigment?
one of the pigment’s electrons jump to an energy level further away from the nucleus, and enters an “excited” state
28
reactants of the light reactions and where they come from
photons of light energy from the sun
29
what is an abbreviation for a photosystem and which one comes first
PS2 then PS1
30
what is the difference btw PS2 and PS1?
photons are absorbed by chlorophyll in PS2, exciting an e- e- flows to PS1 by the ETC and another photon is absorbed in PS1, exciting an e-, which is picked up by NADP+, reducing it to NADPH e- boosted by PS2 are passed through the ATP mill and boosted again by PS1, to reduce NADP+ to NADPH
31
products of the light reactions
ATP and NADPH
32
how are the products of the light reactions created?
ATP synthase combines ADP with a phosphate group through a proton moving down the concentration gradient NADP+ becomes NADPH through reduction
33
where do the dark reactions occur
stroma
34
reactants of the dark reactions and where they come from
ATP and NADPH from the light reactions
35
what is RuBP
starting material in the calvin cycle 5 carbon sugar ribulose biphosphate always in the dark reactions
36
how is rubisco involved in the dark reactions?
it is an enzyme that aides in CO2 fixation
37
What happens to 3-PGA during the dark reactions
ATP gives it a phosphate group, making it ADP NADPH adds a phosphate and gives H&electrons, making it NADP+ becomes G3P
38
How many G3P are created during the dark reactions and where do they end up
6 G3P are created 1 goes to create glucose other 5 are rearranged to create RuBP
39
asexual reproduction
1 parent, identical offspring/DNA
40
sexual reproduction
2 parents, varied offspring/DNA
41
why does cell division occur in unicellular organisms?
to reproduce an entire organism
42
why does cell division occur in multicellular organisms?
growth, development, repair
43
chromatin
DNA and proteins, makes chromosomes
44
chromosome
structure that contains most of the organism's DNA, composed of chromatin and 2 chromatids
45
centromere
location where 2 sister chromatids join together
46
chromatid
contains identical copies of DNA molecule
47
stages of cell cycle and what happens in each one
interphase - period of cell growth (G1 and G2) and DNA synthesis (S) mitotic phase - mitosis and cytokinesis
48
anchorage dependency
cells must be in contact w a solid surface in order to divide
49
density dependent inhibition
when crowded cells stop dividing
50
why are cancer cells different from normal cells?
they don’t need a solid surface in order to divide | they don’t stop dividing once cells get crowded, forming tumors
51
how do chemotherapy drugs inhibit cancer cell growth
taxol freezes the mitotic spindle | vinblastin prevents the mitotic spindle from forming
52
mitosis
division of the nucleus
53
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
54
stages of mitosis
``` prophase metaphase anaphase telophase look at diagram - be able to identify cells in various stages of mitosis ```
55
chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears nuclear envelope disappears spindles form
prophase
56
physical barrier that encloses the nucleus breaks down
prometaphase
57
homologous chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate
metaphase
58
homologous chromosomes separate from one another, as mitotic spindles shorten sister chromatids split
anaphase
59
total split of homologous chromosomes to the poles and the separation into two new cells mitosis is complete nuclear envelope reforms chromosomes spread out
telophase
60
how do plant and animal cells differ in cytokinesis
animals - cleavage furrow | plants - cell plate
61
homologous chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes that match in length, centromere position, and gene location
62
bacteriophage
virus that attacks bacteria | composed of DNA and protein
63
Why did Hershey & Chase use bacteriophage in their experiments?
it is only composed of DNA and protein, which were the two molecules in contention for the genetic molecule
64
conclusion of hershey and chase experiment
DNA is the hereditary molecule
65
monomers of DNA and RNA
nucleotides
66
parts of a nucleotide
sugar phosphate nitrogenous base
67
nitrogenous bases
adenine cytosine guanine thymine
68
categories of bases
purine: adenine, guanine - two rings pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine - one ring
69
chargoff's rule (which bases pair with which)
purines have to pair w pyrimidines a - t g - c
70
similarities and differences in DNA and RNA
RNA - single strand, AUCG, ribose | DNA - double strand/double helix, ATCG, deoxyribose
71
central dogma of biology
DNA is transcribed into RNA | RNA is translated into proteins
72
where does transcription take place
nucleus
73
role of RNA polymerase
to link together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template
74
role of the promoter
starting site of transcription
75
role of the terminator
stop site of transcription
76
where does translation take place
cytoplasm
77
what languages are being translated
nucleotide language is translated into amino acid language
78
form and function of tRNA
tRNA has a specific amino acid attached to it, along with an anticodon its function is to bring amino acids into the ribosome, where proteins are constructed
79
initiation stage of translation
mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit, and the first tRNA binds to the mRNA at the start codon the large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit, allowing the ribosome to function
80
elongation stage of translation
codon recognition: next tRNA binds to the mRNA at the A site peptide bond formation: joining of the new amino acid to the chain translocation: tRNA is released from the P site and the ribosome moves tRNA from the A to the P site
81
termination stage of translation
completed polypeptide is released ribosomal subunits separate mRNA is released and can be translated again
82
gene
factor that is passed down from parent to offspring
83
allele
one of a number of different forms of a gene
84
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
85
phenotype
characteristics of an organism

Biology (7 decks)

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