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Biology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

breathing

A

exchange of gases

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2
Q

cellular respiration

A

aerobic harvesting of energy in food molecules

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3
Q

chemical equation of cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 → ATP + H2O + CO2

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4
Q

stages of cellular respiration

A

glycosis
citric acid cycle / krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

reactants, products, and location of glycosis

A

glucose
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
cytoplasm

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6
Q

reactants, products, and location of citric acid cycle

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP, NADH, CO2, and FADH2
mitochondrial matrix

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7
Q

reactants, products, and location of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons shuttled by NADH and FADH2
32 ATP
inner membrane of the mitochondria

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8
Q

redox reaction

A

oxidation- loss of H atoms and electrons

reduction- gain of H atoms and electrons

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9
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate directly to an ADP, creating an ATP

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10
Q

steps within oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain

chemiosmosis

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11
Q

where does the ETC take place and why is it beneficiall?

A

cristae(folds) of the inner mitchondrial membrane increases surface area, allowing for many copies of the ETC

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12
Q

where do the electrons go in the ETC?

A

they leave NADH and FADH2 and move through proteins in the membrane
oxygen is the final electron accepter and H2O is produced as a result
energy released from the e- movement is used to actively transport H+ across the membrane

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13
Q

Describe the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

H+ ions move from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

how does ATP synthase use the H+ gradient

A

as H+ ions are being transported, the rotation of the enzyme activated the synthase of ADP and a phosphate group

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15
Q

Describe what happens to cellular respiration when agents (such as cyanine, carbon monoxide, rotenone) disrupt this process.

A

they disrupt cellular respiration by blocking the ETC

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16
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

creating energy in the absence of oxygen

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17
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

requires anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen

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18
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can make ATP either by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation

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19
Q

products of lactic acid fermentation

A

lactic acid

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20
Q

products of alcohol fermentation

A

ethanol and CO2

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21
Q

where does photosynthesis occur in a leaf

A

chloroplasts

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22
Q

parts and functions of a chlorplast

A

stroma - dark reactions/Calvin Cycle

grana (stacks of thylakoids) - light reactions

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23
Q

reactants of photosynthesis and where do they come from?

A

CO2 and H2O from the atmosphere

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24
Q

products of photosynthesis

A

O2
C6H12O6 (glucose)
H2O

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25
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis

A

light reactions

dark reactions/calvin cycle

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26
Q

what molecules link the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

ATP and NADPH

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27
Q

what happens when a photon is absorbed by a pigment?

A

one of the pigment’s electrons jump to an energy level further away from the nucleus, and enters an “excited” state

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28
Q

reactants of the light reactions and where they come from

A

photons of light energy from the sun

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29
Q

what is an abbreviation for a photosystem and which one comes first

A

PS2 then PS1

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30
Q

what is the difference btw PS2 and PS1?

A

photons are absorbed by chlorophyll in PS2, exciting an e-
e- flows to PS1 by the ETC and another photon is absorbed in PS1, exciting an e-, which is picked up by NADP+, reducing it to NADPH
e- boosted by PS2 are passed through the ATP mill and boosted again by PS1, to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

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31
Q

products of the light reactions

A

ATP and NADPH

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32
Q

how are the products of the light reactions created?

A

ATP synthase combines ADP with a phosphate group through a proton moving down the concentration gradient
NADP+ becomes NADPH through reduction

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33
Q

where do the dark reactions occur

A

stroma

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34
Q

reactants of the dark reactions and where they come from

A

ATP and NADPH from the light reactions

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35
Q

what is RuBP

A

starting material in the calvin cycle
5 carbon sugar
ribulose biphosphate
always in the dark reactions

36
Q

how is rubisco involved in the dark reactions?

A

it is an enzyme that aides in CO2 fixation

37
Q

What happens to 3-PGA during the dark reactions

A

ATP gives it a phosphate group, making it ADP
NADPH adds a phosphate and gives H&electrons, making it NADP+
becomes G3P

38
Q

How many G3P are created during the dark reactions and where do they end up

A

6 G3P are created
1 goes to create glucose
other 5 are rearranged to create RuBP

39
Q

asexual reproduction

A

1 parent, identical offspring/DNA

40
Q

sexual reproduction

A

2 parents, varied offspring/DNA

41
Q

why does cell division occur in unicellular organisms?

A

to reproduce an entire organism

42
Q

why does cell division occur in multicellular organisms?

A

growth, development, repair

43
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and proteins, makes chromosomes

44
Q

chromosome

A

structure that contains most of the organism’s DNA, composed of chromatin and 2 chromatids

45
Q

centromere

A

location where 2 sister chromatids join together

46
Q

chromatid

A

contains identical copies of DNA molecule

47
Q

stages of cell cycle and what happens in each one

A

interphase - period of cell growth (G1 and G2) and DNA synthesis (S)
mitotic phase - mitosis and cytokinesis

48
Q

anchorage dependency

A

cells must be in contact w a solid surface in order to divide

49
Q

density dependent inhibition

A

when crowded cells stop dividing

50
Q

why are cancer cells different from normal cells?

A

they don’t need a solid surface in order to divide

they don’t stop dividing once cells get crowded, forming tumors

51
Q

how do chemotherapy drugs inhibit cancer cell growth

A

taxol freezes the mitotic spindle

vinblastin prevents the mitotic spindle from forming

52
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

53
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

54
Q

stages of mitosis

A 
prophase 
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
look at diagram - be able to identify cells in various stages of mitosis
55
Q

chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears
nuclear envelope disappears
spindles form

A

prophase

56
Q

physical barrier that encloses the nucleus breaks down

A

prometaphase

57
Q

homologous chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

A

metaphase

58
Q

homologous chromosomes separate from one another, as mitotic spindles shorten
sister chromatids split

A

anaphase

59
Q

total split of homologous chromosomes to the poles and the separation into two new cells
mitosis is complete
nuclear envelope reforms
chromosomes spread out

A

telophase

60
Q

how do plant and animal cells differ in cytokinesis

A

animals - cleavage furrow

plants - cell plate

61
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes that match in length, centromere position, and gene location

62
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that attacks bacteria

composed of DNA and protein

63
Q

Why did Hershey & Chase use bacteriophage in their experiments?

A

it is only composed of DNA and protein, which were the two molecules in contention for the genetic molecule

64
Q

conclusion of hershey and chase experiment

A

DNA is the hereditary molecule

65
Q

monomers of DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

66
Q

parts of a nucleotide

A

sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base

67
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine

68
Q

categories of bases

A

purine: adenine, guanine - two rings
pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine - one ring

69
Q

chargoff’s rule (which bases pair with which)

A

purines have to pair w pyrimidines
a - t
g - c

70
Q

similarities and differences in DNA and RNA

A

RNA - single strand, AUCG, ribose

DNA - double strand/double helix, ATCG, deoxyribose

71
Q

central dogma of biology

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA

RNA is translated into proteins

72
Q

where does transcription take place

A

nucleus

73
Q

role of RNA polymerase

A

to link together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template

74
Q

role of the promoter

A

starting site of transcription

75
Q

role of the terminator

A

stop site of transcription

76
Q

where does translation take place

A

cytoplasm

77
Q

what languages are being translated

A

nucleotide language is translated into amino acid language

78
Q

form and function of tRNA

A

tRNA has a specific amino acid attached to it, along with an anticodon
its function is to bring amino acids into the ribosome, where proteins are constructed

79
Q

initiation stage of translation

A

mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit, and the first tRNA binds to the mRNA at the start codon
the large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit, allowing the ribosome to function

80
Q

elongation stage of translation

A

codon recognition: next tRNA binds to the mRNA at the A site
peptide bond formation: joining of the new amino acid to the chain
translocation: tRNA is released from the P site and the ribosome moves tRNA from the A to the P site

81
Q

termination stage of translation

A

completed polypeptide is released
ribosomal subunits separate
mRNA is released and can be translated again

82
Q

gene

A

factor that is passed down from parent to offspring

83
Q

allele

A

one of a number of different forms of a gene

84
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

85
Q

phenotype

A

characteristics of an organism

Biology (7 decks)

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