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Biology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

what are the levels of the biological hierarchy?

A

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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2
Q

where does life emerge

A

cell level

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3
Q

energy flow through the ecosystem

A

sunlight to producers to chemical energy to consumers

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4
Q

plants tht provide the food for a typical ecosystem

A

producers

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5
Q

eat plants and other animals

A

consmers

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6
Q

contain prokaryotes and bacteria

A

domain bacteria

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7
Q

contain prokaryotes and archaea

A

domain archaea

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8
Q

contain protists, plants, fungi, and animals

A

domain eukarya

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9
Q

process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics

A

natural selection

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10
Q

experiment where 2 tests are run, then compared

A

controlled experiment

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11
Q

testable and falsifiable

A

valid hypothesis

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12
Q

most common elements in living things

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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13
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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14
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons plus number of neutrons

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15
Q

positive, nucleus

A

protons

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16
Q

negative, electron cloud

A

electrons

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17
Q

neutral, nucleus

A

neutrons

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18
Q

transfers electrons

A

ionic bond

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19
Q

molecules with more or less electrons than initally

A

ion

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20
Q

sharing of electrons, can double bond, strongest

A

covalent bond

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21
Q

polar molecules are bonded together, weakest

A

hydrogen

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22
Q

compound that donates H ions to a solution ex. lemon juice

A

acid

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23
Q

compound that accepts H ions and removes them from solution and donates OH- ex. bleach

A

base

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24
Q

pH scale

A

0-14

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25
Q

acids

A

0-7

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26
Q

bases

A

7-14

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27
Q

neutral on pH scale

A

7

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28
Q

substance that minimizes change in pH ex. in blood

A

buffer

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29
Q

why is water polar

A

unequal sharing of electrons

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30
Q

carbon based molecule

A

organic compound

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31
Q

molecular formula is the same as carbon skeeton, but there is a different structure (form fits function)

A

isomer

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32
Q

monomer of polysaccharides

A

sugars

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33
Q

monomer of lipids

A

fatty acids

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34
Q

monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

35
Q

monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

36
Q

fuction of polysaccharides

A

storage and structure

37
Q

function of lipids

A

energy storage, make up cell membranes, precursors to cholesterol

38
Q

function of proteins

A

structure, contractile, defensive, signal, receptor, transport, storage

39
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

contain genes in DNA and RNA

40
Q

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino

A

functional groups

41
Q

OH, alcohols

A

hydroxyl

42
Q

C=O, aldehyde(end) and ketone(within)

A

carbonyl

43
Q

C=O and hydroxyl, is acid, ex. acetic acid

A

carboxyl

44
Q

NH2, base

A

amino

45
Q

removes a molecule of water in order to join 2 monomers into a polymer

A

dehydration synthesis

46
Q

adds a molecule of water in order to destroy/separate polymers

A

hydrolysis

47
Q

storage in animals, branched, made of glucose

A

glycogen

48
Q

storage in plants, made of glucose, helix

A

starch

49
Q

structure in cell walls, joined by hydrogen bonds

A

cellulose

50
Q

structure in exskeleton of insects and crustaceans

A

chitin

51
Q

solids, animal based, no double bonds

A

saturated fats

52
Q

oils/liquids, plant based, double bonds

A

unsaturated fats

53
Q

types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

54
Q

used to connect amino acids to form peptide bonds

A

dehydration synthesis

55
Q

clarity of an image and ability to see 2 close objects as separate

A

resolution

56
Q

increase inapparent size of an obect

A

magnification

57
Q

organelles only in prokaryotes

A

nucleiod, capsule, pili, falgella

58
Q

organelles only in plants

A

cell wall
central vacuole
chloroplast
plasmodesmata

59
Q

provides and maintains shape of cells and serves as a protective barrier

A

cell wall

60
Q

stores nutrients and waste products and water

A

central vacuole

61
Q

contains chlorophyl, which absorbs sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

62
Q

channel between cell walls that link plant cells together

A

plasmodesmata

63
Q

contains dna and holds all info

A

nucleus

64
Q

framework, cell-cell recognition, enzyme, receptor, transport

A

membrane

65
Q

makes proteins

A

ribosomes

66
Q

breaks down nutrients

A

lysosome

67
Q

recieves and modifies products from ER

A

Golgi apparatus

68
Q

make lipis and membrane

A

rough/smooth ER

69
Q

transports materials throughout cells

A

transport vesicle

70
Q

holds cells together intissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane

A

extracellular matrix

71
Q

prevents leakage

A

tight junction

72
Q

communicate and coordinates

A

gap junction

73
Q

particles spread out evenly in an available space

A

diffusion

74
Q

diffusion of water across a membrane

A

osmosis

75
Q

transport protein makes it possible to diffuse

A

facilitated diffusion

76
Q

moves down concentration gradient, doesn’t require energy

A

passive transport

77
Q

moves up concentration gradient, requires energy

A

active transport

78
Q

engulfment of particles, cellular eating

A

phagocytosis

79
Q

fluids are engulfed, cellular drinking

A

pinocytosis

80
Q

exports bulky materials

A

exocytosis

81
Q

releases energy

A

exergonic reaction

82
Q

requires energy

A

endergonic reaction

83
Q

_____ speed up reaction s by using less _____

A

enzymes, activation energy

84
Q

STUDY DIAGRAM

A

now please

Biology (7 decks)

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