Midterm Review Flashcards by Elizabeth Ulicny

what are the levels of the biological hierarchy?

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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where does life emerge

cell level

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energy flow through the ecosystem

sunlight to producers to chemical energy to consumers

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plants tht provide the food for a typical ecosystem

producers

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eat plants and other animals

consmers

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contain prokaryotes and bacteria

domain bacteria

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contain prokaryotes and archaea

domain archaea

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contain protists, plants, fungi, and animals

domain eukarya

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process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics

natural selection

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experiment where 2 tests are run, then compared

controlled experiment

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testable and falsifiable

valid hypothesis

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most common elements in living things

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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atomic number

number of protons

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atomic mass

number of protons plus number of neutrons

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positive, nucleus

protons

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negative, electron cloud

electrons

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neutral, nucleus

neutrons

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transfers electrons

ionic bond

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molecules with more or less electrons than initally

ion

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sharing of electrons, can double bond, strongest

covalent bond

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polar molecules are bonded together, weakest

hydrogen

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compound that donates H ions to a solution ex. lemon juice

acid

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compound that accepts H ions and removes them from solution and donates OH- ex. bleach

base

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pH scale

0-14

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acids

0-7

bases

7-14

neutral on pH scale

substance that minimizes change in pH ex. in blood

buffer

why is water polar

unequal sharing of electrons

carbon based molecule

organic compound

molecular formula is the same as carbon skeeton, but there is a different structure (form fits function)

isomer

monomer of polysaccharides

sugars

monomer of lipids

fatty acids

monomer of proteins

amino acids

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

fuction of polysaccharides

storage and structure

function of lipids

energy storage, make up cell membranes, precursors to cholesterol

function of proteins

structure, contractile, defensive, signal, receptor, transport, storage

function of nucleic acids

contain genes in DNA and RNA

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino

functional groups

OH, alcohols

hydroxyl

C=O, aldehyde(end) and ketone(within)

carbonyl

C=O and hydroxyl, is acid, ex. acetic acid

carboxyl

NH2, base

amino

removes a molecule of water in order to join 2 monomers into a polymer

dehydration synthesis

adds a molecule of water in order to destroy/separate polymers

hydrolysis

storage in animals, branched, made of glucose

glycogen

storage in plants, made of glucose, helix

starch

structure in cell walls, joined by hydrogen bonds

cellulose

structure in exskeleton of insects and crustaceans

chitin

solids, animal based, no double bonds

saturated fats

oils/liquids, plant based, double bonds

unsaturated fats

types of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids

used to connect amino acids to form peptide bonds

dehydration synthesis

clarity of an image and ability to see 2 close objects as separate

resolution

increase inapparent size of an obect

magnification

organelles only in prokaryotes

nucleiod, capsule, pili, falgella

organelles only in plants

cell wall central vacuole chloroplast plasmodesmata

provides and maintains shape of cells and serves as a protective barrier

cell wall

stores nutrients and waste products and water

central vacuole

contains chlorophyl, which absorbs sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

chloroplast

channel between cell walls that link plant cells together

plasmodesmata

contains dna and holds all info

nucleus

framework, cell-cell recognition, enzyme, receptor, transport

membrane

makes proteins

ribosomes

breaks down nutrients

lysosome

recieves and modifies products from ER

Golgi apparatus

make lipis and membrane

rough/smooth ER

transports materials throughout cells

transport vesicle

holds cells together intissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane

extracellular matrix

prevents leakage

tight junction

communicate and coordinates

gap junction

particles spread out evenly in an available space

diffusion

diffusion of water across a membrane

osmosis

transport protein makes it possible to diffuse

facilitated diffusion

moves down concentration gradient, doesn't require energy

passive transport

moves up concentration gradient, requires energy

active transport

engulfment of particles, cellular eating

phagocytosis

fluids are engulfed, cellular drinking

pinocytosis

exports bulky materials

exocytosis

releases energy

exergonic reaction

requires energy

endergonic reaction

_____ speed up reaction s by using less _____

enzymes, activation energy

STUDY DIAGRAM

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