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Bact > FINAL REVIEW- EYES, EARS, and RESP system > Flashcards

FINAL REVIEW- EYES, EARS, and RESP system Flashcards

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1
Q

Geimsa stained smear from ear of a dog; This is….

A

Malassezia

Most common fungal organism in the ear

bottle-shaped yeast

You can also see Malassezia in the skin, causes dry lesions

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2
Q

In horses guttural pouch mycoses occur as a complication of

A

Strangles because all of lymphnodes in the retopharyneal region are inflammed, so it blocks the area and fungal organisms can get in

This would probably be aspergilis

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3
Q

Identify the yeast.

A

Blastomyces

Broad-based budding

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4
Q

Identifiy the yeast.

A

Histoplasma

these are the smallest and they are usually intracytoplasmic

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5
Q
A

Cryptococcus

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6
Q

Which of the following bacteria is not generally involved in shipping fever pnuemonia in cattle?

A. Mannhemimia hemolytica

B. Pasteurella multocida

C. Histophilus somni

D. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

D.

shipping fever is mutlifactorial and it almost always involves those three organisms

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7
Q

Which of the following statement is incorrect?

A. Foal pneumonia is caused by Rhodovoccus equi.

B. R. equi is a facultative intracellular bacteria

C. R. equi is partially acid fast

D. Penicillin is the antibiotic of choice in treatming R. equi infections

A

D penicillin is not affective because it’s intracellular

You want to use macrolides or rhampapin

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8
Q

Moraxella bovis

A

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle

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9
Q
A

Moraxella bovis

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10
Q

When will moraxella bovis be the largest problem?

What are the vectors?

A

IN THE SUMMER

FLIES

this is a very contagious and painful conditiona and it can damage the eyes

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11
Q

Infectious ovine keratoconjunctivitis

A

Mycoplasma conjunctivae Chlamydia pecorum

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12
Q

Otitis in calves can be caused by

A

Otitis in calves can be caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Histophilus somni

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13
Q

Ear infections dogs

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - MOST PROBAMATIC ORGANISM if you treat this then you will probably cover all of these because it’s very hard to treatment because it is resistant to most antiboditics

Escherichia coli

Proteus mirabilis

Malassezia pachydermatis

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14
Q

Are bacteria and fungus usually the primary cause of ear infections?

A

NO!!!- Bacteria and fungus are secondary causes

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15
Q

How do we diagnosis ear infections?

A

Diagnosis:
Cytology or Gram staining to examine bacterial and yeast overgrowth

Culture; Samples should be taken with a sterile culturette swab from the horizontal canal or from the middle ear in cases of tympanic rupture.

Address the predisposing/ Primary causes”

Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapy

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16
Q

What is the most common predisposing factor for otitis externa?

A

ANATOMY- because they have a vertical and then horizontal canal

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17
Q

Conjunctivitis in cats

A

Chlamydia felis (Feline pneumonitis) - most common

Mycoplasma felis (mycoplasma conjunctivitis)

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18
Q

What are some systemic bacterial infections?

A

Systemic bacterial infections
Rickettsia,

Anaplasma,

Ehrlichia Brucellosis

Leptospirosis- might be in equine recurrent uvetits

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19
Q

What are some systemic fungal infections in the eye?

A

Systemic mycoses

Blastomycosis

Cryptococcosis

Histoplasmosis

Coccidioidomycosis

(Protothecosis- fungal like organism; algea)

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20
Q
A

Chlamydia

You can tell because of the inclusion bodies

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21
Q

Mycotic keratitis in equines

A

( Aspergillus sp).

common because of the trauma in the eye and they can get secondary keratitis

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22
Q

Equine recurrent uveitis

A

Equine recurrent uveitis

(Periodic ophthalmia, Moon blindness)

Leptospira infection?/ Immune complex disease?

Iris and uvea are affected

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23
Q

Guttural pouch mycosis

A

Guttural pouch mycosis
Occurs as complication of Streptococcus equi subsp equi Aspergillus sp
Main complication;nose bleeding (epistaxis) because of the location to the caroid artery; it ruptures

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24
Q

Which hosts are respiratory systems diseases most common in?

A

FOOD ANIMAL

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25
Upper Respiratory tract
* Nasal passages * Nasopharynx * Pharynx * Larynx * Extrathoracic Trachea
26
Lower Respiratory tract
* Intrathoracic trachea * Bronchi * Pulmonary parenchyma PNEUMONIA
27
Respiratory system
• _Resident and transient_ microflora are common in upper respiratory tract- have to figure out which one is NOT SUPPOSED TO BE THERE These bacteria can be involved in upper and lower respiratory tract diseases _The culture results must be carefully evaluated combined with other clinical observations_
28
What are the best respiratory system samples to take?
Tracheal lavage or a broncho-alevolar lavage
29
Respiratory infection can come from:
_Respiratory infection can come from:_ • Inhalation • Aspiration • Hematogenous spread\> sepsis\> multiple organs might be involved • Secondary bacterial infections occur after viral infections * Rhinitis * Tracheitis * Bronchitis • Pneumonia
30
Diagnosis of Respiratory diseases
Blood gas analysis Imaging Fecal testing Endoscopic evaluation _Fungal serology_ (Cats; serum Cryptococcal antigen testing) Culture of nasal discharge Tracheal or broncheoalveolar lavage Cytology, Gram stain, culture (acid fast stain) Histopathology
31
Rhinosporidium seeberi; Nasal polyp/tumor like growth in animals and human common in SW US and in tropical countries looks like a tumor
32
Common systemic fungal infections with primary lung involvement and what do they cause?
* Blastomyces dermatitidis * Histoplasma capsulatum * Coccidioides immitis cats- cryptococcus PYOGRANULOMATOUS LESIONS
33
Cryptococcus
34
Histoplasma in dogs causes gastrointestinal disease
35
Histoplasmosis:
_Histoplasmosis:_ Systemic disease , The second most common fungal infection in cats. (Disseminated disease in cats) _Gastrointestinal involvement is common in dogs(also pthyium will do this in cats),_ Protein-losing enteropathy,Peripheral lymphadenopathy, Polyarthropathy, osteomyelitis
36
Blastomycosis:
Blastomycosis: Endemic distribution in Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio river valley Cutaneous, respiratory, ocular, bone forms are seen
37
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis Cats, dogs, psittacine birds, koalas Nasal cavity, CNS, ocular, GI, _Cutaneous lesions in cats is a marker for disseminated cryptococcosis_ has an affintity for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
38
Coccidiodomycosis
Coccidiodomycosis Lung involvement with dissemination to bones Endemic in certain parts Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico
39
Valley fever
Coccidiodomycosis this is an acute infection that looks like a flu in the SW US when you move the soil around
40
Aspergillus sp. other opportunic fungal agents can cause
Aspergillus sp. other opportunic fungal agents can cause fungal pneumonia in animals
41
Aspergillus sp. can de-pigmentate the muzzle
42
BETA-D GLUCAN ASSAY;
BETA-D GLUCAN ASSAY( in most fungal organisms); General screening of invasive fungal disease False positives and false negatives may occur
43
test for Cryptococcus neoformans;
Latex agglutination test * Qualitative and semi-quantitative test system for the detection of capsular polysaccharide antigens of Cryptococcus neoformans in _Serum or CSF._ * Good diagnostic and prognostic value
44
Are early test results useful?
The test results are often negative early in the course of infection
45
Are fungal tests useful in systemic disease?
Not useful in dogs without overt systemic disease
46
Do we do a lot of tests to monitor fungal infections?
Not useful in monitoring response to therapy or disease recurrence
47
Treatment for Fungal organisms
Treatment Prognosis ?????? Expensive and Time consuming Need diligent and compliant owners Azoles, Amphotericin, Terbinafine
48
3 things about zoonosis in fungal infections
Zoonosis Almost always environmental Direct transmission rare Lab accidents from mold form of fungal growth
49
Histoplasma and Cocciososis are what BSL level
3
50
Infectious tracheobronchitis
Infectious tracheobronchitis ( kennel cough):Bordetella bronchiseptica
51
Actinomycosis/Nocardiosis;
Actinomycosis/Nocardiosis; Pleuritis and pyothorax
52
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Calf diphtheria-necrotic laryngitis
53
Necrotic laryngitis in cattle; Fusobacterium necrophorum
Acute to chronic infection in 3-18 month old feedlot cattle, severe dyspnea, Ptyalism; bilateral, purulent nasal discharge, Systemic signs may include fever anorexia, Untreated calves die in 2–7 days from toxemia and upper airway obstruction.
54
What can also cause laryngitis in cattle?
Histophilus somni can also cause laryngitis in cattle
55
Fusobacterium necrophorum
56
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma bovis REPORTABLE!
57
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
obligate pathogen in swine
58
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)complex
* Multifactorial etiology * Complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. • Interactions between viral and bacterial pathogens Mannheimia hemolytica Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somni Mycoplasma bovis Arcanobacterium pyogenes
59
Mannheimia haemolytica Important bacterial agent in shipping fever pneumonia **_Produce a ruminant specific leukotoxin- toxic to leuckocytes_** (Bovine Shipping Fever – Serofibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis
60
Enzootic pneumonia in calves
• Primarily a problem in housed Dairy calves \<6 mo old with peak occurrence from 2–10 wk, • Morbidity rates may approach 100% • Case fatality rates vary but can reach 20%. • Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies Respiratory viruses and **Pasteurella multocida,** Mannheimia haemolytica **Mycoplasma bovis**
61
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
• Mycoplasma mycoides.subsp mycoides(Small colony type) • Reportable Disease
62
* Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia * Mycoplasma mycoides.subsp mycoides(Small colony type) marbling in the lungs
63
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia M. capricolum susbsp. capripneumoniae
64
Pasteurella multocida serotypes B1 and E2: Hemorrhagic septicemia
65
Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in cattle (Also cause arthritis)
66
Diagnosis of Respiratory diseases
Diagnosis Culture- usually from lung lesions at necropsy and Nasal discharges Necropsy and histopathology
67
Treatment and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases
Treatment Antimicrobial drugs used for individual treatment and ‘metaphylaxis’ Limited choices for food animal treatment due to costs and drug residue concerns (tetracycline, penicillin, sulfonamides, ceftiofur, tilmicosin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin) _Prevention_: Management Vaccines Metaphylaxis?
68
Atrophic Rhinitis in swine
• Turbinate lesions: Shortening of upper jaw (brachygnathia), Deviation of septum Progressive atrophic rhinitis: **Pasteurella multocida toxin**(PMT)-Osteoclasts + Bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotic toxin(DNT)- Osteoblasts
69
Progressive atrophic rhinitis: **Pasteurella multocida toxin**(PMT)-Osteoclasts + Bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotic toxin(DNT)- Osteoblasts- which causes loss of bone
70
Haemophilus parasuis
Commensal in the nasal cavity, tonsil, trachea and(lung) of normal pigs Spread from sows to piglets at early stage of life Glasser’s disease Polyserositis, polysynovitis, meningitis Mucosal colonization \> mucosal barrier breach \> Enter blood stream\> replication at serosal sites \> fibrinopurulent inflammation Systemic infection \>DIC \> Microthrombi in lung, liver, kidney
71
Haemophilus parasuis Glasser’s disease
72
Porcine pleuropneumonia Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Hemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia pig bleeding from the nose
73
Porcine pleuropneumonia
Porcine pleuropneumonia Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Hemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia pig bleeding from the nose
74
Foal pneumonia:
Horses Foal pneumonia: Rhodococcus equi The most serious cause of pneumonia in foals 1–4 mo old. The presence of nodular lung lesions and mediastinal lymphadenopathy Bacterial culture of transtracheal wash samples Cytologic evaluation of transtracheal wash samples reveal intracellular coccobacilli

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