Final Review Questions Flashcards
What is a ‘compound’ cause?
A compound cause is one in whose absence the effect cannot occur.
A compound cause is one that tends to produce its effect in a population.
A compound cause is one that by itself alone produces the effect.
A compound cause is one that has component factors that work together to produce the effect.
A compound cause is one that has component factors that work together to produce the effect.
Describe a purely observational effect-to-cause study.
First, draw a large representative sample of the target population; divide it into two groups, the first of individuals who have been subjected to the suspected cause, the other of those who haven’t; examine the frequency of the effect in both groups; if there is a significantly greater amount of the effect in the first group, the suspected cause is probably real.
First, divide the initial sample into sub-samples, the control group and the experimental group. Second, measure the frequency of the effect. Third, administer the suspected cause to the experimental group. Fourth, measure the frequency of the effect again. Fifth, compare the frequencies, and if the frequency of the effect is significantly higher (or lower) after administering the cause than it was before, we conclude that the suspected cause is real.
First, draw a large, representative sample of the target population. Second, divide the initial sample into two closely matched sub-samples, the control and the experimental group. Third, measure the frequency of the effect. Fourth, administer the suspected cause to the experimental group, but otherwise treat the control group the same way. Fifth, measure the frequency of the effect again. Sixth, compare the frequencies, and if the frequency of the effect is significantly higher (or lower) after administering the cause than it was before, we conclude that the suspected cause is real.
First, draw a large representative sample of the target population; divide it into two groups, the first of individuals who have the effect, the other of those who don’t; examine the frequency of the suspected cause in both groups; if there is a significantly greater amount of the suspected cause in the first group, the suspected cause is probably real.
D
Describe a purely observational cause-to-effect study.
First, draw a large representative sample of the target population; divide it into two groups, the first of individuals who have been subjected to the suspected cause, the other of those who haven’t; examine the frequency of the effect in both groups; if there is a significantly greater amount of the effect in the first group, the suspected cause is probably real.
First, divide the initial sample into sub-samples, the control group and the experimental group. Second, measure the frequency of the effect. Third, administer the suspected cause to the experimental group. Fourth, measure the frequency of the effect again. Fifth, compare the frequencies, and if the frequency of the effect is significantly higher (or lower) after administering the cause than it was before, we conclude that the suspected cause is real.
First, draw a large, representative sample of the target population. Second, divide the initial sample into two closely matched sub-samples, the control and the experimental group. Third, measure the frequency of the effect. Fourth, administer the suspected cause to the experimental group, but otherwise treat the control group the same way. Fifth, measure the frequency of the effect again. Sixth, compare the frequencies, and if the frequency of the effect is significantly higher (or lower) after administering the cause than it was before, we conclude that the suspected cause is real.
First, draw a large representative sample of the target population; divide it into two groups, the first of individuals who have the effect, the other of those who don’t; examine the frequency of the suspected cause in both groups; if there is a significantly greater amount of the suspected cause in the first group, the suspected cause is probably real.
A
What are the four kinds of decision situation?
Decision under conflict; decision under uncertainty; decision under risk; decision under certainty.
Decision under certainty; decision under probability; decision under conflict; decision under uncertainty.
Decision under certainty; decision under probability; decision under conflict; decision under cooperation.
decision under stress; decision under ignorance; decision under risk; decision under uncertainty.
Decision under conflict; decision under uncertainty; decision under risk; decision under certainty.
What are the six steps in rational choice under under certainty?
Frame the decision question carefully; identify your choices; identify your goals; weigh your goals against each other; weigh each choice as it fits the goals; calculate the best choice.
Frame the decision question carefully; identify your choices; weigh your goals against each other; weigh each choice as it fits the goals; identify your goals; calculate the best choice.
Frame the decision question carefully; identify your goals; weigh your goals against each other; weigh each choice as it fits the goals; rank your choices; calculate the best choice.
Identify your choices; identify your goals; weigh your goals against each other; weigh each choice as it fits the goals; frame the decision question; calculate the best choice.
Frame the decision question carefully; identify your choices; identify your goals; weigh your goals against each other; weigh each choice as it fits the goals; calculate the best choice.
What is ‘constant conjunction’?
When two events are invariably temporally linked.
When two factors cause each other in a spiral.
When two events are statistically linked in a population.
When to factors are both caused by a third.
When two events are invariably temporally linked.
What is ‘due diligence’?
The concept that one should make decisions with care.
The concept that one has an obligation to research all of the options open to him, and the costs and benefits of each, before making any major decision.
The concept that one has an obligation to research all of the options open to him, and the costs and benefits of each, before making any decision.
The concept that one should make major decisions with care.
The concept that one has an obligation to research all of the options open to him, and the costs and benefits of each, before making any major decision.
What does it mean to say two factors A and B are correlated (statistically linked) within a population?
Factors A and B are correlated if the percentage of individuals with B are higher among those with A than those without A.
Factors A and B are correlated if the probability of individuals with A are either higher or lower among those with B than those without B.
Factors A and B are correlated if the percentage of individuals with B are lower among those with A than those without A.
Factors A and B are correlated if the percentage of individuals with B are either higher or lower among those with A than those without A.
Factors A and B are correlated if the percentage of individuals with B are either higher or lower among those with A than those without A.
What is a ‘simple’ cause?
A simple cause produces its effect in every case.
A simple cause by itself alone produces the effect
A simple cause is relatively closer in time.
A simple cause doesn’t have component factors that work together to produce the effect.
A simple cause doesn’t have component factors that work together to produce the effect.
Identify the 4 factors or criteria for assessing a control group experiment.
Is it double-blind; is the initial sample representative; how great the margin of error; and how closely matched the control and experimental groups.
How large the sample; how stratified; how big the margin of error; and is it double-blind.
How large the sample; how stratified; how big the margin of error; and how randomized it is.
Is it double-blind; how closely matched the control and experimental groups are; how great the difference in observed frequency of the effect at the end; and how representative the initial sample.
Is it double-blind; how closely matched the control and experimental groups are; how great the difference in observed frequency of the effect at the end; and how representative the initial sample.
Describe the set-up in a control group experiment.
First, divide the initial sample into sub-samples, the control group and the experimental group. Second, measure the frequency of the effect. Third, administer the suspected cause to the experimental group. Fourth, measure the frequency of the effect again. Fifth, compare the frequencies, and if the frequency of the effect is significantly higher (or lower) after administering the cause than it was before, we conclude that the suspected cause is real.
First, draw a large representative sample of the target population; divide it into two groups, the first of individuals who have the effect, the other of those who don’t; examine the frequency of the suspected cause in both groups; if there is a significantly greater amount of the suspected cause in the first group, the suspected cause is probably real.
First, draw a large, representative sample of the target population. Second, divide the initial sample into two closely matched sub-samples, the control and the experimental group. Third, administer the suspected cause to the experimental group, but otherwise treat the control group the same way. Fourth, measure the frequency of the effect. Fifth, compare the frequencies, and if the frequency of the effect is significantly higher (or lower) after administering the cause than it was before, we conclude that the suspected cause is real.
First, draw a large representative sample of the target population; divide it into two groups, the first of individuals who have been subjected to the suspected cause, the other of those who haven’t; examine the frequency of the effect in both groups; if there is a significantly greater amount of the effect in the first group, the suspected cause is probably real.
C
What is a ‘deterministic’ cause?
A deterministic cause is one that always produces its effect in every case.
A deterministic cause is one that has component factors that work together to produce the effect.
A deterministic cause is one that tends to produce its effect in a population.
A deterministic cause is one in whose absence the effect cannot occur.
A deterministic cause is one that always produces its effect in every case.
What is a ‘necessary’ cause?
A necessary cause is one that produces its effect in every case.
A necessary cause is one which by itself produces its effect.
A necessary cause is one that does not have component parts that work together to produce the effect.
A necessary cause is one in whose absence the effect cannot occur.
A necessary cause is one in whose absence the effect cannot occur.
Question: What is a proximate cause?
Options:
A. A proximate cause is the underlying factor that indirectly leads to a result.
B. A proximate cause is the most recent or last cause before the result.
C. A proximate cause is a distant event unrelated to the outcome.
D. A proximate cause is an event that may or may not contribute to the result.
A proximate cause is the most recent or last cause before the result.
Question: What is a remote cause?
Options:
A. A remote cause is the first event in a causal chain.
B. A remote cause is the most recent or last cause before the result.
C. A remote cause is an event unrelated to the causal chain.
D. A remote cause is an intermediate event that connects causes and results.
A remote cause is the first event in a causal chain.
Question: What is a sufficient cause?
Options:
A. A sufficient cause is one which by itself produces the effect.
B. A sufficient cause is one that contributes to the effect but cannot produce it alone.
C. A sufficient cause is the first event in a causal chain.
D. A sufficient cause is an unrelated event that occurs alongside the effect.
A sufficient cause is one which by itself produces the effect.
Question: What is a statistical cause?
Options:
A. A statistical cause is one that guarantees its effect in all cases.
B. A statistical cause is one that applies only to individual instances, not populations.
C. A statistical cause is one that tends to produce its effect in populations.
D. A statistical cause is one that occurs randomly without producing any effect.
A statistical cause is one that tends to produce its effect in populations.
Question: What are the two kinds of temporal linkage?
Options:
A. The two kinds of temporal linkage are precedence and succession.
B. The two kinds of temporal linkage are precedence and simultaneity.
C. The two kinds of temporal linkage are simultaneity and causation.
D. The two kinds of temporal linkage are simultaneity and independence.
The two kinds of temporal linkage are precedence and simultaneity.
Question: What is the “inference to the best explanation”?
Options:
A. The inference to the best explanation involves choosing a hypothesis that contradicts a set of observations or evidence.
B. The inference to the best explanation involves choosing a hypothesis that best explains a set of observations or evidence.
C. The inference to the best explanation involves rejecting all hypotheses regardless of the evidence.
D. The inference to the best explanation involves choosing a hypothesis that is least likely based on the observations or evidence.
The inference to the best explanation involves choosing a hypothesis that best explains a set of observations or evidence.
Question: What are the six factors for judging rhetoric?
Options:
A. The six factors for judging rhetoric are: Evidence based, truthful, logical, directed at fully autonomous agents, not coercive, transparent.
B. The six factors for judging rhetoric are: Persuasive, emotional, factual, aimed at dependent agents, subtly manipulative, concise.
C. The six factors for judging rhetoric are: Evidence based, emotionally driven, logical, directed at any audience, coercive, hidden.
D. The six factors for judging rhetoric are: Persuasive, truthful, illogical, directed at autonomous agents, manipulative, transparent.
The six factors for judging rhetoric are: Evidence based, truthful, logical, directed at fully autonomous agents, not coercive, transparent.
Question: Identify the 12 psychological mechanisms exploited by sales agents.
Options:
A. Contrast, reciprocity, entrenchment, social proof, authority, scarcity, sympathy, greed, association, salience, familiarity, egalitarianism.
B. Contrast, reciprocity, commitment, social proof, authority, scarcity, sympathy, greed, association, relevance, familiarity, egalitarianism.
C. Contrast, reciprocity, entrenchment, social influence, authority, scarcity, empathy, greed, association, salience, familiarity, fairness.
D. Contrast, reciprocity, entrenchment, social proof, hierarchy, scarcity, sympathy, greed, association, salience, repetition, egalitarianism.
Contrast, reciprocity, entrenchment, social proof, authority, scarcity, sympathy, greed, association, salience, familiarity, egalitarianism.
