final six- other terms and topics

Question 1

anatomical traits associated with bipedalism

Answer 1

shorter wider pelvis, longer legs, slightly archer femur, arched foot with straight aligned toes, slightly curved spine

Question 2

anatomical traits associated. with arboreality

Answer 2

longer limbs, prehensile tail, claws or adhesive pads on feet or fingers, flexible fingers and toes, grasping hands and feet

Question 3

taphonomy

Answer 3

study and process of the processes that affect the state of the remains of an organisms from the time the organism dies until it is fossilized

Question 4

principle of superposition

Answer 4

artifacts found in the same soil level are grouped into the same time period. different levels are different times

Question 5

angiosperm exploitation theory

Answer 5

the theory that angiosperms evolved to promote attractiveness to get things to eat them to promote better soil dispersion

Question 6

significance of continental drift to primate evolution

Answer 6

created new habitats and separated certain genes, effecting their distribution divergence and adaptation

Question 7

K-Pg extinction event

Answer 7

the mass extinction event triggered by an asteroid killing and causing the extinction of many large species (including dinosaurs)

Question 8

lomekwian tool industry

Answer 8

earliest stone tools, found in west torkana dated to 3.3 ma, large and heavy

Question 9

oldowan tool industry (mode one)

Answer 9

category of simple stone tools made by remaining flakes from cores without any systematic shaping of the core. Both flakes and cores probably used as tools themselves, dated from 2.6 ma found in African sites

Question 10

acheulean (mode 2)

Answer 10

stone tools in which cores are shaped into symmetric large cutting tools by the removal of flakes. Bifaces, sites dated to 1.75 ma to 0.3 ma teardrop shaped hand axes and blunt cleavers

Question 11

Levallois (mode 3)

Answer 11

striking large symmetric flakes from carefully prepared stone cores by using the Levallois techies which is a 3 step process used by neanderthals.
1) makes core having a previously shaped convex surface
2)make striking platform at one end of core
3) finally knock a flake off the striking platform

Question 12

mousterian tool industry

Answer 12

characterized by points, side scrapers and denticulates (tools with small tooth like notches on working edge), but absence of hand axes. associated with neanderthals in Europe

Question 13

aurignacion

Answer 13

early upper Paleolithic stone tool industry found in Europe at sites that date to after 45 ka

Question 14

movius line

Answer 14

theoretical line across northern India to demonstrate technological difference between early prehistoric tool technologies of the east and west of old world

Question 15

evidence for butchery

Answer 15

gona 2.6 ma, boundary with cut marks and bone flakes, buori 2.5 ma definite cut marks anghani

Question 16

evidence of meat eating

Answer 16

tape worms

Question 17

evidence of hunting

Answer 17

wooden tools used in hunting 300 ka in German sites

Question 18

evidence of fire

Answer 18

no definite evidence of fire usage before 300ka swatkauce 1 ma, could be evidence but if true cooking wasn’t essential.

Question 19

evolutionary trends in demography

Answer 19

natural selection affects fertility morality and ,migration populations

Question 20

evolutionary trends in life history

Answer 20

longer juvinile periods

Question 21

evolutionary trends in brain

Answer 21

larger brains longer life

Question 22

evolutionary trends body proportions

Answer 22

longer limbs warmer climate shorter limbs cooler climates

Question 23

evolutionary trends in diet

Answer 23

food sharing, complex hard to learn foraging techniques

Question 24

evolutionary trends in sexual dimorphism

Answer 24

yes still significant but not as much

Question 25

out of Africa

Answer 25

60 ka modern humans, 40 ka neanderthals and Denisovans gone with modern humans occupied Africa and Eurasia, happened many times

Question 26

genetic evidence of neanderthals/ Denisovans/ AMH interbreeding

Answer 26

europeans, asians have ~ 2% neanderthal DNA Australians, papuans have 3-6% denisovan dna

Question 27

Genetic evidence of Neanderthals/den./amh imbreeding: mTDNA v Y-chromosome

Answer 27

mTDNA passed down only by mother while y-chromosome is only passed from father to son and 95% of it doesn't recombine with X chromosome

Question 28

genetic evidence of neanderthals/den./AMH interbreeding: deserts vs enriched

Answer 28

X chromosomes only .2% of genes with neanderthal origin vs favored/enriched genes like skin biology, immunity and fat storage

Question 29

evidence of modern human behavior: early modern humans

Answer 29

art, culture, technology

Question 30

evidence of modern human behavior: neanderthals

Answer 30

complex tools, burial rituals, language

Question 31

detecting genetic variation in genome: HARS

Answer 31

compare to other species like chimps to see what human DNA has diverged quicker

Question 32

detecting genetic variation in genome: single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 32

a genetic variation that occurs at a particular nucleotide position in the genome and where the rarer allele occurs at a frequency of at least 1%, SNP chips

Question 33

haplogroup

Answer 33

The uniparentally inherited mitochondrial or Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes that descend from a node in the phylogenetic tree. A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR

Question 34

haplotype

Answer 34

particular set of alleles at some humber of genetic loci that are transmitted together on the same chromosome, SET OF DNA ON A CHROMOSOME PASSED DOWN FROM ONE PARENT

Question 35

environmental vs genetic variation

Answer 35

environment has a part to play but in twin studies twins being raised in the same environment would grow to have very similar heights.

Question 36

heterozygote advantage - sickle cell

Answer 36

those with the heterozygote gene for sickle cell anemia has the genetic advantage of a better immunity to malaria, in comparison to being a homozygote recessive or dominant

Question 37

culture in humans vs other primates: cumulative culture

Answer 37

accumulation of culture across generations results in behaviors more complex than anyone individual could create during a lifetime

Question 38

culture in humans vs other primates:social facilities

Answer 38

right place right time, learn a skill through exposure rather than observation

Question 39

culture in humans vs other primates: observational learning

Answer 39

observe and copy actions, imitation leads to cumulative culture

Question 40

culture in humans vs other primates: emulation

Answer 40

see the finished project but not the road to get there

Question 41

geographic patterns of modern genetic variation: Fst statistic

Answer 41

(total genetic diversity - average within population genetic diversity)/total genetic diversity

Question 42

westermarck effect

Answer 42

the theory that those a person grows up with from very young are not sexually attractive to them because of that.

Question 43

mismatch hypothesis

Answer 43

The hypothesis that human minds are adapted to life in small-scale foraging societies and that this causes maladaptive behavior in complex, urban societies.

Question 44

cultural group selection

Answer 44

process in which competition between culturally different groups leads to the spread of cultural practices are more widespread in successful groups