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Geology 201 > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of a Mineral

A

a naturallly occuring inorganic solid having a specific elemental composition and specific arrangement of atoms

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2
Q

what is Serpentine rock composed of

A

Lizardite, antigonite, chrysolite

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3
Q

where does chrysolite form

A

in conditions analougous to where geodes form, fluids move through voids in rocks and minerals precipitate from those fluids

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4
Q

examples of three types of cleavage

A

mica-perfect 1 direction
halite-perfect 3 directions
Quart-no cleavage

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5
Q

why is graphite soft

A

because it consists of covalently bonded layers of hexagons linked by weak bonds

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6
Q

what is an intrusive igneous rock

A

a rock that forms from cooled magma

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7
Q

what is magma

A

liquid earth that is below the surface

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8
Q

what is extrusive igneous rock

A

rock that forms from cooled lava

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9
Q

what is lava

A

molten earth that is above the earths surface

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10
Q

what is a batholith

A

a mass of intrusive igneous rock that is a few km in size. it is a magma chamber

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11
Q

what is a sill

A

a tabular pluton that is parallel to layers in layered rocks

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12
Q

what is a dike

A

a tabular pluton that in a cross section is relatively thin and cuts across layers in layered rocks. typically less than 1.5m thick and 10s to 100s of meters long

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13
Q

what is bowens reaction series

A

predicts the order that minerals form when solidifying from magma. indicates mafic forms first then silicic. also predicts order minerals melt

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14
Q

how are igneous rocks named

A

on the basis of mineral composition

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15
Q

info about silic/felsic rocks

A

contain abundent feldspar and silica. most continental crust is silic or intermediate

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16
Q

composition of intermediate rocks

A

mostly plagioclase, pyroxene, and amphihole, like to o quartz

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17
Q

what are mafic rocks

A

magnesium and iron rich rocks. mostly plagioclase and pyroxene. oceanic crust is mafic

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18
Q

what are ultra mafic rocks

A

mostly olivine and pyroxene. can have minor plagroclase. The mantle is untra mafic.
peridotite is intrusive
komatite is extrusive

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19
Q

what is partial melting

A

when mass of rock subjected to melting conditions . minerals with lowest melting point melt first. only parts of the mass melt.

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20
Q

where does magma form

A

partial meltinig at subduction zones=litosphere into mantle causes melting
dewatering of the downward slab=water is released from subducted plate which lowered the melting point
decomposition melting in continental thnning areas= as lithosphere is thinned aspthenosphere rises and decompresses, this lowers the melting point
seafloor spreading centers=causes rocks to rise which induces partial melting

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21
Q

defenition of soil

A

where the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere interact

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22
Q

what is pedogenesis

A

the process of soil formation

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23
Q

what is translocation

A

the definitive pedogenic process. downward movement of solid soil particles or ions in solution

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24
Q

how are ditrital sedimentary rocks classified

A

are assigned on the basis of clast size and in rocks consisting predominantly of clasts having median diameters larger than 2 mm, also on the basis of clast shape

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25
how does deposition of detrital rocks happen
occurs when there is insufficient power for a system of river or wind to transplant sediments of a given size
26
what is slate
a metamorphic rock which has crystals that are too small to see without magnification
27
what is schist
a metamorphic rock that which has crystals that are visible to the naked eye
28
what are index minerals
indicate relatively precise ranges of temperatures and pressures causing metamorphism, index minerals are used to define metamorphic facies
29
what do different metamorphic facies represent
they reflect different tectonic settings a d certain tectonic settings
30
what are reverse faults
hanging wall moves up relative to footwall. form as a result of compression. shorten and thicken the earths crust. dip-slip faults
31
what are strike slip faults
form as a consequece of a horizontal shear stress in earths crust
32
what are normal faults
hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. forms as a result of tension. extends and thins the earths crust. dip-slip faults
33
what are transform faults
where two plates move past each other
34
what are releasing bends
form at right bends or steps anlong right lateral strike slip faults, because fault geometry causes localized tension and extension
35
what are restraining bends
form at left bends or steps allong right lateral faults, because fault geometry causes localized tension and extension
36
what is a brittle strain
change in shape or position accomodated along fractures
37
what is elastic strain
said of a body in which strains are instantly and totally recovered
38
what is evidence for subduction
wadati benioff zones mineral glaucophane blueschist facies metamorphic rock
39
when do earthquakes occur
when elastic strain overcomes friction of a fault or elastic strain overcomes the mechanical strength of rocks. rocks move past eachother allong a fracture, elastic straiin is recovered and rocks regain pre elastic shape, as the rocks snap back earthquake waves are generated
40
what is liquefaction
occurs in cohesonless soil or sediment. liquefaction is a transformation of material that is behaving like a solid to a material that is behaving like a fluid temporarily
41
why is it safer to build on fully lithified rock
when surface waves pass through unconsolidated sediment resonance occurs because they oscillate at similar periods as the waves. when the waves pass through fully lithified rock, dampening occurs because they oscilate at different periods
42
what is the 1st family of earthquake waves
body waves and they travel underground in all directions. include p and S waves
43
what are p waves
body waves, are the fastest and travel like a slinky
44
what are S waves
body waves, cant pass through liquids, move like a cracked whip
45
what is the 2nd family of earthquake waves
how body waves manifest on the earths surface, include love/long waves and rayleigh waves
46
what are Love/Long waves
shearing motion, perpendicular to the direction of travel and travel more rapidly than rayeigh waves
47
what are Rayleigh waves
give the rocking sensation, similar to water waves, both vetical and horizontal movement
48
why are tsunamis so destructive
travel and speeds up to 518mph long period so water doesent recede quickly long waves so large volume of water causes energetic collisons reach the coast in sets of unpredictable number of waves
49
what causes tsunamis
form when the sea floor is ruptured durring and earthquake
50
definition of a stream
a channelized body of water, links in the hydrological cycle that are the fundamental landscape sculpting agents. exist because of topographic relief of earths surface
51
what is a graded stream
a stream that is adjusted to its base level, over 1000 year time scale is neither lowers or raises its bed. requires stable base level over 1000 year timescale. shows that streams are laxy and will do as little work as possible
52
what is a disolved load
products of checmial weathering lthat are in solution or incolloidal suspension
53
what is a suspeded load
realatively fine grained particles that are carried in suspension
54
what is a bed load
sediment that is transported allong the bottom of the channel by rolling or bouncing
55
what is the equation for stream power
=PGQS
56
what is the effect of base level fall
if base level fall occurs relatively slowly the channel will increase its sinuosity insteady of incising
57
what is the defenition of mass movement
collective term forall gravitational or downsloping movements of weathered rock debris
58
what are the 2 categories of mass movement
slow continous movement | rapid episodic moevement
59
what is the characteristics of a slow continous mass movement
slopes are typically convex up and smooth, creep and diffusion, non accelerating
60
what is the characteristics of a rapid episodic mass movement
not diffusive hillslope erosion. usually more damaging that diffusion. Humocky topography. flows and slides
61
why are debris flows so destructive
move rapidly 10-25 m/sec. density of debris flow is greater than water due to equation and can transport large rocks. vally bottoms or human structures are buried as the flow stops
62
what are earth flows
are unusually slow and are large in areul extent. dont follow pre existing drainage. deep seated in that they affect a significant thickness of a hillslope
63
what is slump
are rotational slides, having curved failure surfaces. typically occur in thik homogenous cohesive sediments, example is mud rich part of franciscan complex
64
what are slides
type of mass wasting consisting of rocks or masses of weathered rock moving downhill allong discrete shear surfaces

Geology 201 (3 decks)

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