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Question 1

which waves reach a seismometer first after an earthquake

Answer 1

P Waves

Question 2

which soil horizon is most useful for geologic studies

Answer 2

the B Horizon

Question 3

what accumulates in a Bt horizon

Answer 3

Clay

Question 4

what accumulates in a Bk Horizon

Answer 4

Calcium Carbonate

Question 5

what is reuired for a Vertisol soil to form

Answer 5

Alternating Wet and Dry Seasons

Question 6

what is the location of water molecules that cause seasonal swelling and closing of cracks in clay rich soil

Answer 6

between the sheets of sheet silica minerals in the soil

Question 7

why are mafic minerals mre suseptible to chemical weathering than felsic/silic minerals

Answer 7

because the magnitude of their disequilibrium with atmospheric conditions is greater than that of felsic/silic minerals

Question 8

what is the final step in turning sediment into rock

Answer 8

cementaion of grains via dissolution

Question 9

what is the basis for assigning names to detrital/clastic sedimentary rocks

Answer 9

clast size

Question 10

what is the differance between conglomerate and breccia

Answer 10

conglomerant consists of rounded clasts, breccia consists of angular clasts
lithifications of clasts into a conglomerate occurs farther from the clast source area than lithification of clasts into a breccia

Question 11

if you can see the mineral grains without a microscope what is the rock

Answer 11

schist, which is regional metamorphic

Question 12

what type of waves cause horizontal shearing below building foundations

Answer 12

Love waves

Question 13

which rock forms at the deepest level within an organic belt

Answer 13

Gneiss

Question 14

what is foliation

Answer 14

a predominant orientation of platy and elongate minerals in a metamorphic rock

Question 15

what is an angular unconformity

Answer 15

when the rocks go from angled and suddenly stop and have a horizonatal layer that cut them off

Question 16

what is a nonconformity

Answer 16

when a fault ruptures and the headwall goes up retalive to the footwall and splits layers

Question 17

what type of faults thin the earths crust

Answer 17

Normal Faults

Question 18

what causes exfoliation

Answer 18

Pressure release as rocks are exhumed

Question 19

which of the following horizons is likely to be leached the most

Answer 19

the E horizon

Question 20

why do ooilites form in the carribien sea

Answer 20

water temp is relatively warm

currents are relatively strong

Question 21

which mineral is most suseptible to chemical weatehring

Answer 21

Olivine

Question 22

what do index minerals indicate about the metamorphic rock in which they exist

Answer 22

the temp the rock was metamorphized

the pressure the rock was metamorphized

Question 23

what causes CaCO3 to precipitate out of seawater

Answer 23

warm water
agitation caused by strong currents
agitation b breaking waves

Question 24

how do you describe the motion casued by P waves

Answer 24

an expansion and contrction in the direction of wave propagation, like a slinky or a sound wave

Question 25

how do you describe the motion caused by S waves

Answer 25

an up down motion like a cracked whip

Question 26

how do you describe the motion caused by Love waves

Answer 26

side to side shearing motion

Question 27

what type of earthquake wave cause movement in every direction

Answer 27

Rayleigh Waves

Question 28

what is teh focus hypocenter of an earthquake

Answer 28

the location in a 3d coordinate systemwhere a fault rupture initiatesand causes an earthquake

Question 29

what are surface waves in an earthquake

Answer 29

surface manifestation of bodywaves

Question 30

what new potential earthquake related hazzards were identified through study of the canterbury earthquake sequence

Answer 30

increased suseptibility to flood and sea level rise

Question 31

what mechanism reduced teh slope of the heathcote river as a consequence of the NZ Quake

Answer 31

tectonic uplift of the lower part of the heathcote drainage relative to the upper part of the heathcote drainage basin techtonic subsidence of the upper part of the heathcote drainage relative to the lower part of the heathcote drainage basin

Question 32

what caused much of the significant damage to the built environment in the NZ earthquake

Answer 32

Liquifaction

Question 33

how did geologists measure ground movements associated with the NZ quake

Answer 33

LiDAR Surveys