Final-Study Guide Terms Flashcards

Question

microbotanicals

Answer 1

Botanical remains that cannot be see with the naked eye - always examined with a microscope, and often highly process using chemicals - Includes phytoliths, starch grains, and pollen Phytoliths = crystals of silica dioxide or glass formed by certain plants taking up this compound from the soil matrix, and then deposited into the intercellular structures of stems, leaves, and roots Recovered from ground stones, stone tools, and sometimes teeth and soil Starch grains = composed of glucose unites that act as energy for the plant (in stem, roots, fruits, and seeds) Recovered from ground stones, stone tools, and sometimes soil Pollen Recovered from lake cores and sometimes activity areas, using these data we can reconstruct ancient climates

Answer 2

1. Important plants and or animals are selected and manipulated for reproduction through artificial selection - Process in refinement of pants and animals whereby humans select which members of a species will live and produce offspring 2. After many generation, these new organism no longer resemble their old “wild counterparts, and are now considered new species 3. Once the result of this process is evident, the organism is now considered domesticated - An organism that has been altered by human beings through artificial selection

Answer 3

- more and larger seeds - tougher rachis=branches of the plant - thinner hull—outer shell, coat - apical dominance—central stem - comparing wild vs. domestic

Answer 4

o Bioarchaeology is the study of human remains from archaeological contexts o The field emphasizes integrative, interdisciplinary analysis of the links between biology and culture in past societies

Answer 5

o The study of human bones | o The branch of anatomy or physical anthropology that deals with human bones

Answer 6

o Types of burial  Inhumation  Cremation  Ossuaries  Sky burial o Cemetaries  Important for: group studies, sample size, seeing changes over time - Unusual contexts: secondary burial o Reburial/movement of remains for: practical purposes, ritual reasons, political reasons - Warfare/violence o Mass graves o Distinctive injuries - Unusual contexts: human sacrifice and cannibalism? o Evidence: cut marks on bone, remains in hearths, middens, other burials, ritual contexts o BUT hard to know intent of cuts, exceptions = cultures where this is know - Unusual contexts: museum collections o Legacy of early archaeology and anthropology o Collections useful for large scale studies o BUT often problems with context

Answer 7

: we use wood - Record orientation and context - Lab analysis Anthropometric devices

Answer 8

o Demography (age, sex, geographic affinity) o Life history (pathologies, physical stress, diet) o Cultural elements (cultural modifications)

Answer 9

o Different levels: very high: mummification/desiccation o Very low: fragmentary remains o Causes: climate (desert vs. jungle) o Deposition (open tomb vs. deep burial) o Post-mortem processing (cremation, defleshing, etc.)

Answer 10

identifying pre, peri, and post mortem processes o By determining what caused damage to bones wen, we can work to determine: cause of death, process of burial, pre-burial processing, time since death

Answer 11

``` epiphyses - Determining age: cranial sutures o Different sutures close at different times allowing age estimation - Determining age: tooth eruption o Eruption patterns: only useful for aging children and young adults o Deciduous (baby) vs. permanent (adult) o Relative marker - Determining age: tooth wear o Continuous grading system o Affected by diet  Coarse food  Processing methods vs. modern diet - Determining age: pubic symphysis ```

Answer 12

pelvis o Morphological contrasts due primarily to birthing constraints o Most reliable bones for sex determination - Determining sex: the skull - Determining sex: limb proportions o Various population specific regression formulas o Possible with most bones o Assumes you know what population you are dealing with o Significant amount of overlap

Answer 13

race and ethnicity - Genetic vs. phenotype vs. culture - There are certain phenotypes (physical visible traits) that do have geographic patterns - BUT more genetic variation within populations that between - Geographic affinity: skull measurements o In past used to rank “races” o Craniofacial vs.. cranial traits: prognathism of face, promenance of browridges, shape of orbital bones, shape of nasal cavity - Geographic affinity: body proportions o Bergmann’s rule  Colder climates: shorter limbs with respect to torso  Hot and dry climates: longer limbs with respect to torso  Hot and humid climates: small, compact bodies o Related to heat retention and dispersal

Answer 14

``` disease o Some diseases leave damage on bones:  Tuberculosis, osteoporosis, arthritis, syphilis, leprosy - Pathologies: physical injuries o Healing patters  Pre vs. post mortem  Medical practices o Reflection of life stresses  Violence/warfare  Neanderthal hunting injuries  Medieval knight parry fractures - Pathologies: Malnutrition o Growth cessation lines  Enamel hypoplasia and Harris lines  Seasonal vs. persistent malnutrition  Can tell age at which starvation occurred o Specific nutrient/element deficiencies ```

Answer 15

``` diet o Dental caries  Carbohydrates o Tooth wear  Grit in food - Lifestyle: cultural modifications o Meanings and motivations  Aesthetics  Religious beliefs  Identity ```

Answer 16

ancient DNA, stable isotope analysis and bioarchaeological ethics

Answer 17

o Study of the genetics of ancient organisms o Sources: bone, teeth, hair, paleofeces, surface residues, ice cores, soil cores o Potential questions: kinship/relatedness. Population size/inbreeding. Marriage patterns (matrilocal vs. patrilocal) o Limitations: preservation, mitochondrial vs. Y chromosome DNA, destruction of samples, contamination

Answer 18

o Look at stable isotopes in bone and teeth o What elements do we use? o Carbon/nitrogen o Oxygen o Strontium o What can we determine? Diet, migration, immigration, group differentiation o Trophic levels (nitrogen uptake), C3 vs. C4 plants, oxygen and climate

Answer 19

o Museum collections, NAGPRA, religious/cultural identity | o Kennewick man

Answer 20

The study of humans for legal reasons

Answer 21

Important archaeological material, found in many archaeological contexts o We can answer questions about: demography, life-history, and cultural practices o Many different scientific methods to approach analysis, BUT not clear cut answers, lots of interpretation

Answer 22

band, tribe, cheifdom, state

Answer 23

hard to define, but… • Relationships—from kin based to class and residency • Increasing population size • From mobile to sedentary societies • From egalitarian to centralized government

Answer 24

small loosely organized kin-based groups • Egalitarian—everyone has about equal rand, access to, and power over basic resources. Basically no true leaders/elites • Possibly the oldest form of political organizations

Answer 25

kin-based groups with political integration by unifying factors such as a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, territory • Over hundreds of people, mobile and sedentary villages • More complex then bands

Answer 26

• Paleolithic groups would be part of band/tribe continuum • So would early homo • So would modern hunters and gatherers • Ability to be mobile is ability to have conflict resolution • The Kapauku Papuans are tribes? o More of political organization

Answer 27

cheifdoms and states

Answer 28

a regional polity with 2 or more groups/villages organized under a chief - constitutes a ranked hierarchy of people - over a thousand people in population - tribute economy-payments of goods to the chief to then be redistributed across the community

Answer 29

centralized system that has the capacity and authority to make laws and use force to maintain social order - ranked by class and/or caste - many thousands of people in a population - taxes-a financial charge imposed on a community by a government to fund public projects/issues/necessities

Answer 30

Pros - Baseline for understanding general aspect of a society - For archaeologists—helps us understand/interpret material culture remains Cons - Lots of variation within each society/group of people - People don’t automatically move from band to state - Are there mobile people within a city? Is there evidence of complexity in hunter-gatherer societies?

Answer 31

-hundreds of stonehenges -labor far greater than stonehenge or even dozens of stonehenge yet its hunter-gatherers (1500 and 1200BCE) • Hunter gatherers societies build Mound A • How is this simple and not complex? Did they build this with no leadership? Especially since it was built in 30-90 days???-remarkable labor effort of over 1000 laborers working full time • Hunter-gatherers were very complex, strong organization, sophisticated religion • Savage to civilization is complex and an incorrect way to look at societies?

Answer 32

2500BCE Stonehenge burials • 240 burials found at the site • Amesbury Archer near Stonehenge • This person was born near alps, not near Stonehenge • This person was injured • This suggests that people came here to be healed—ritual site on a pilgrimage Stonehenge as sacred • Pilgrimage site—think Vatican Jerusalem mecca • No evidence of village life • Closest dwellings were 3km away

Answer 33

another ceremonial/ritual site • Located in turkey: 11.6 kya • Series of pillars, distributed in a ring pattern • Pillars of gobekli o Elaborately carved o Featuring special animals; not animals for food or of economic value o Ideological value

Answer 34

* Ritual sites * Evidence of communal gatherings or ceremonial purposes * What about for economic practical purposes?

Answer 35

• Additional real evidence of large-scale communal construction • 9kya • village cemetery • massive stone wall around the community o required a high level of coordination • non-local raw materials: Turkish obsidian, turquoise, cowrie shells o evidence of social differentiation (products not found everywhere at the site) o evidence trade and a long distance economy • walls of Jericho o to protect against invaders o 6 feet thick o 12 feet high

Answer 36

``` • 9kya: site persisted for 1200 years • 3 times the size of Jericho • one large, continuous structure of houses • 2000 densely compacted homes within structures • no roads or streets • is it a city o there are NO  public architecture  municipal buildings  palaves  temples  government strucutres  elite residences • houses o standardized about 25 sq meters o typical household activities  toolmaking, food prep and consumption o painted murals o 3d affixed to the walls o little evidence of labor specialization o raising cattle and wild foods and domesticates (of wheat and barley) o burials beneath the floors of the houses  living with the ancestors o sculpture • what can we say> o long term occupation at the site o densely packed community o varied diet • what is not well understood? o Social complexity consisting of prestige power and control o Where are the leaders? o Chiefdom without a chief? • Great example of the issues with band-tribe-chiefdom-state continuum ```

Answer 37

* A pattern of complex structured communities began to form around 3400 years ago * Gulf coast of Mexico: Tabasco and Veracruz Mexico * Social, political and economic order seen across a wide geographic region * A shard set of religions expression

Answer 38

* Art depicting a human-jaguar god * Production of jade sculptures * Iron-ore mirrors-all over the Olmec area * Construction of earthen platforms and earthen pyramids * Giant Olmec heads made out of salt? Or stone? Looks like limestone but look this up

Answer 39

prob don't need to know this BUT • Earliest Olmec site—3.4kya • Located near natural, valuable resources o These resources not available everywhere

Answer 40

* Low populations—no more than a few thousand people per center * Olmec centers probably focused on the religious and political functions of the local polity—termed regal ritual centers

Answer 41

``` Monumental construction as complexity • Olmec heads • 17 found • glorify rulers—depict certain people • they’re wearing a helmet because there was a ball game that was played in ancient Mesoamerica the rulers would play and either the winner or the loser was sacrificed—unclear which • earthen mounds • artificial platforms • aqueduct system o fpr water and agricultural purposes interconnectedness of communities as complexity • common artifact styles • cache of figurines ```

Answer 42

• earliest remains of complexity in the new world • 4.5 kya • Caral as the capital city of a larger polity • Site covers more than 160 acres Piramide mayor • Canal construction necessary for irrigation since its in a very dry area • Broad mix of domesticated plant foods o Squash, beans, chili peppers, guava, legumes, sweet potato • Coastal resources o Shell fish-mussels an clams o Suggests reliance on trade with coastal populations • Watched doc on this place • No weapons of war • No city walls

Answer 43

``` south american • 3kya • centered at chavin de huantar • widespread chavin art styles • chavin de huantar—strategic location or trade and transportation • household archaeology o planned neighborhoods o drainage systems o food storage facilities ``` KNOW MORE ON THIS??

Answer 44

o Through coercion and force, but consensus is possible too, right??  For instance consensus occurs in voting o What’s a class society? Divided by layers distinguished by differential wealth, status and power

Answer 45

``` food surplus social stratification craft specialists formal government urban settlements record keeping (writing) monumental works (pyramids and skyscrapers bc require a lot of people) BE ABLE TO SAY WHY EACH OF THESE IS IMPORTANT--SEE NOTES 11.30 ```

Answer 46

the land between two rivers • Between the tigris and the Euphrates rivers • Two primary time periods o The ubaid 6.3kya o The uruk 6kya • Rich floodplain soil, but very few resources otherwise o No sources for stone, metal o Few trees for wood construction o Agricultural lands allowed for complexity to arise • THE UBAID o Irrigation  Irrigation canals to water fields during the summer and for drainage during spring floods  Created very productive farmlands o Monumental construction  Religious elite began to dominate the political and social realms of society  Priests…..MORE HERE GET SOMEONE’S NOTES • THE URUK period o The worlds first city at uruk (also called Warka) o Population increases at Ur, Uruk, and Eridu o Elite class with incredibly elaborate burials o Sacrifices at the royal cemetery of Ur • Monumental constructions: ziggurats o Rectangular stepped tower, usually with a temple on top • Record keeping o Clay token (used as counting/counters, up to 300 different kinds of them)  You find them in public and ritual places shows that only the rich had access to record keeping o Clay containers called envelopes  These would contain clay tokens  Kinda like a safe  But they would impress the tokens on the outside so you would know exactly what was inside, kinda like writing so that they know what was inside o Cuneiform  Earliest form of written records  Symbols on large pieces of clay

Answer 47

• The Nile valley • Upper and lower Egypt • Lower Egypt is to the north and upper Egypt is to the south o Counterintuitive • Nile was the gift to Egypt says Herodotus because only place you could grow stuff • Early ancient Egypt o Clear evidence of social inequality o Tombs and mastabas  Mastabas are mud brick statues on top of the tombs o Hierkonpolis (or nekhen)  Main sites of early ancient Egypt • Hieroglyphic writing o Writing system in which pictorial symbols are used to convey a sound, object or idea o Deciphering the hieroglyphs:the rosetta stone  The top and middle are two forms of ancient Egyptian  Bottom is ancient greek  They are translations of each other  Archeaologists could piece together the language because they knew greek • Unification of Egypt o King narmer- the narmer palette  Show a binding together of upper and lower Egypt on this palette  The palette is supposed to represent the harmony o 3100BC o occurred before the first dynasty  some call it dynasty 0 • growth of Egypt o pharaohs—all powerful king who presided over the Egyptian state o total of 31 dynasties o entered…GET SOMEONES NOTES ON THIS • Saqqara pyramid o Burial monument of djoser, pharaoh of the third dynasty o All pyramids are dedicated to rulers • Fourth dynasty—the pyramid age o Explosion of pyramids as in there are so so many built o Pharaoh khugu o 1st pyramid at Giza-completed in 2566GC o great sphinx probably depicts Khafre, Khufu’s son o pyramids are clear markers of social stratification and inequality • Pharaoh Tutankhamun o King tut o 18th dynasty o 8 year old came to power or something and ruled for 10 years o iconic symbol of civilizations and Egypt o CLEAR SYMBOL OF SOCIAL STRATIFICIATION  Deep inequality in ancient Egypt

Answer 48

• Located in SE Zimbabwe • Archaeological interpretations stalled due to racist assumptions • AD 1100-1600 • Built by ancestors of current African indigenous groups • Stone-brick structures demarcating the center/elite precinct • Largest settlement of 200 settlements nearby o Ancient settlement at about 7sq km o Located in a strategic zone for trade routes o Located near valuable resources including obsidian and gold

Answer 49

• Island of crete • Early hominins from 130kya • Have been found however first European civilization developed here at 8kya • Palace at Knossos o HUGE o Frescoes esp of bulls and dolphins • At its height it was the most populous civilization at that time

Answer 50

``` • South asia • Civilaization began around 8kya • Height of the indus valley at 6-4kya • Hallmarks of the indus valley o Flood control o Cultural homogenization  Like the Olmec  Shared religious iconography o Indus script o No evidence of warfare o Trade with Mesopotamia • Flood control o Indus valley cities thrived in the floodplain o Monumental walls and mounds controlled flooding • Indus inscription o About 4000 inscription have been found o 5.2kya-4kya o largely indecipherable o likely served for economic purposes: counting, record-keeping • planned uniform urban cities o Harappa, mohenjo-daro, and kalibangan follow very similar spatial plans o Citadel on western margins of the city o Residential areas east of the city o Cities did not grow by accretion, but were instead well-though ahead of time o Roads are aligned to the cardinal directions o All of this suggests that the indus civilization was highly centralized, and tightly controlled • Mojenjo-daro o Very organized ```

Answer 51

• The origin of chinese civilization is scattered all over the country • Incredibly complex with long distant trade routes • The original chinese dynaty—the Shang dynasty o Yin-a shang capital city o Succession of 12 kings o Elaborate royal internments (burials)  See chariots and sacrificed horses in some of these burials  Jade etc o Bronze metals • Qin dynasty o Emperor qin shihuang, similar to king tut and narber o He was 13 when he rose to power o Young and powerful o United china?? o Most elaborate mausoleum for one individual ever created  Terra-cotta army  In military formation  Represents army protecting tomb of the emperor  No standardization  Each one is different  Reddish brown ceramics  Shows the reflection of power that one individual had  more than 8000 soldiers  Easily the most thought out mausoleum that’s ever been created

Answer 52

• Around when Spanish came in early 1500s to South American • Last in a series of S American states and empires • Achieved prominence and power in the Andes until Spanish conquest in 1532 • A military empire • Earlier states suffered from drought o Inca empire located in a high-altitude river valley unaffected by drought • 10 million people at its peak • the quipu record keeping • macho picchu o incredible restructuring of land for agricultural terracing o allowed for arable farmland o produced up to 2400 kg of maize per year o they were not affected by drought • the quipu (khipu) o system of inca record-keeping o a series of knotted strings  used as mnemoninc devices to remember info  primarily accounting information about 600 surviving khipu  made out of cloth so relatively well preserved

Answer 53

missisippian culture only N. American culture with urban characteristics located in a floodplain 600-1400CE most hallmarks of a civilization but NO writing agriculture 5-10,000 people mounds (120 total) (monumental structures probably) 6 square miles

Answer 54

contemporary with the Olmec (3.4kya) but lasted longer until the spanish came currently over 25 maya languages large monumental construction hieroglyphs (warfare, ritual, marriage, dynastic sequences, numbering systems based on dots and bars) agriculture social inequality pyramids temples and stelae (long stone statue with writings about rulers)

Final-Study Guide Terms Flashcards

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