Final stuff Flashcards

Question

how does climate change affect birds

Answer 1

Pretty much all of North America is increasing in temperature, with the northern regions increasing the most Many regions will get more precipitation as temperatures increase. Northern and Coastal regions especially will get more rain, while southern regions like mexico will get drier The changes in temperature will have a large impact on birds. It will impact their breeding. In the pacific North west the risk for birds is likely the highest. Extreme spring heat and Fire weather are some of the biggest threats for birds.

Answer 2

Ex: Western Sandpipers migrate from their non breeding grounds that extend part way down South America, up to breeding grounds near Alaska. This means protecting one area isn’t enough for them. The Pacific Flyway spans from Mexico to Alaska and is used by many migratory birds.

Answer 3

It would be impossible to protect the entire Pacific Flyway One type of really important habitat is estuaries. Which are essential for their migration.

Answer 4

Spatial Extent: Picking an area: ex 344,000,000 square kilometres along the pacific northwest coast Spatial Grain: Dividing the area into 10 square kilometres likely gives enough information about one estuary at a time, but is still feasible, and doesn’t lump together multiple estuaries.

Answer 5

Temporal Extent: 1850-now is the period in which the industrial revolution has been impacting the climate. During much of this time there is temperature and precipitation data from western scientists. Satellite data since 1980 is very useful. So the temporal extent could be 1980-present. Temporal Grain: Since birds migrate year round, it is useful to look closer than yearly average data. Monthly chunks give a good amount of detail, while still being possible to look through compared to daily views.

Answer 6

Permafrost is ground that is frozen for two or more years Most of Canada is frozen year round in permafrost. With some areas having been frozen for thousands of years. In the north it is Continuous permafrost (everything frozen) Lower it gets Dis-continuous, then sporatic, then isolated.

Answer 7

Permafrost with very little Ice stays more stable as it thaws While Permafrost with significant Ice becomes very unstable and muddy when thawing.

Answer 8

When areas of permafrost thaw on a slope, the soil can slide downwards causing a thaw slump. Can expand yearly. Some form on the sides of lakes (generally smaller), sides of creeks or rivers (generally larger), coastal environments or other environments Definition: A landslide in permafrost terrain which enlarges progressively due to ablation of exposed massive ice or ice-rich sediments.

Answer 9

Rate of Retreat can get up to 30m/yr Measuring average rate of active thaw slumps in 1950-1973 compared to 1973-2004 found that the rate of slump headwall expansion was around double in the later time period. So Slump Activity is intensifying But why? The cause is likely due to an increase in temperature. But at the time of research based on satellite photo’s, there was no way to be sure.

Answer 10

Net radiation controls the rate of ground ice loss and the rate of headwall retreat. Air temperature or thawing degree hours can be used to predict the rate of ground ice loss. Site-scale factors are also important here. Shows that increasing temperatures cause slump activity to increase. Precipitation is also important

Answer 11

Slumps more than 5 ha in area, have headwalls greater than 4m high, and debris flows that descend from the slump scar in the lower valley area. Have debris tongues that can fill river areas.

Answer 12

Change is occurring in multiple regions, but slump activity varies across the western Arctic. Why? Colder Environments with cold permafrost environments are especially vulnerable since they have more frozen water in the ground. Warmer areas, where some of the ground ice has been thawed in recent history are less vulnerable.

Answer 13

Overlaying graphs of slumps with surficial geology. You found that ice rich morainal deposits are correlated with higher slump vulnerability. The margin of the historical extent of the laurentine ice sheets 15,000 years ago is highly correlated with slumps.

Answer 14

Ecosystem services are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems and the species that make them up sustain and fulfill human life - Daily 1997 They are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems

Answer 15

These include - provisioning services such as food and water - regulating services such as regulation of floods, drought, land degradation, and disease - Supporting services such as soil formation and nutrient cycling - Cultural services such as recreation, spiritual, religious and other nonmaterial benefits

Answer 16

Provisioning services Goods and direct use values Commodities valued for both consumptive local use and productive market use Fuel, vegetables, fruits, meat, medicine, materials, etc

Answer 17

Supporting Services The energy fixed through photosynthesis is fundamental to all life. Carbon dioxide + water + light → Oxygen + water + glucose Soil creation and Conservation Plant roots, fungi, worms, and other soil invertebrates build, aerate and maintain soils Biological nitrogen fixation

Answer 18

Climate Regulation: Ecosystems moderate macro and microclimate. Water transpired by plants falls again as rainfall The Carbon cycle maintains a hospitable climate Water Treatment: Water and air purification Biological communities can break down many harmful toxins (heavy metals, pesticides, sewage, human waste, agricultural runoff) Flood regulation: Wetland and riparian vegetation provide natural flood protection Channel alteration and wetland conversion increase flood severity

Answer 19

Areas of like The Sacred Grove of Osun Mount Kaliash Aullaviat / Anguniarvik Whitemud creek

Answer 20

Constanza et al. estimated the value of global ecosystem services as 16-54 trillion USD. Nature 1997 387: 253-260 3x the GDP of the planet at the time

Answer 21

What degree of ecological complexity is needed to provide reliable ecological services? How much diversity is required for stable ecological productivity? To what extent can ecosystem management and technology substitute for the role of relatively undisturbed ecosystems in the provisioning of ecosystem services

Answer 22

Detailed Assessment of Global Ecosystem Health (2005) 1360 experts from 95 countries 850 reviewers 80 reviewing editors Partnership of UN agencies, conventions, business, non-governmental organizations with a multi-stakeholder board of directors Connects Ecosystem Services with Constituents of well being for a person All the benefits we gain from the ecosystems, how intensely they are linked, potential for mediation by socioeconomic factors Also assessed the impacts the stresses on different habitats, their intensity, and trend in intensity. Ex: Tropical forests have a low but rapidly increasing impact from climate change. To really understand the situation we need information on the Social, political, cultural, economic, etc relationships. The effects of ecological change on ecosystems services and human well-being are influenced by socio-political processes.

Answer 23

What impacts will sociopolitical processes have: Globalization, leadership, poverty and inequality, technology, etc. The MEA used scenario planning to assess these processes. Scenario planning is a tool used to assess possible futures in light of key uncertainties. Generates plausible futures not predictions

Answer 24

takes Present conditions and trends Context: 1. Increasingly globalized 2. Increasingly regionalized Approaches: 1. proactive globalization 2. Reactive management Possible futures: 12: global orchestration 11: technogarden 22: order from strength 21: adapting mosaic

Answer 25

Globalized and Reactive Globally connected society that focuses on global trade and economic liberalization and takes a reactive approach to ecosystem problems but that also takes strong steps to reduce poverty and inequality and to invest in public goods such as infrastructure and eduction

Answer 26

Order from strength Regionalized and reactive Regionalized and fragmented world, concerned with security and protection, emphasizing primarily regional markets, paying little attention to public goods, and taking a reactive approach to ecosystem problems

Answer 27

Globalized and Proactive Globally connected world relying strongly on environmentally sound technology, using highly managed, often engineered, ecosystems to deliver ecosystem services, and taking a proactive approach to the management of ecosystems in an effort to avoid problem

Answer 28

Regional and proactive Regional watershed scale ecosystems are the focus of political and economic activity. Local institutions are strengthened and local ecosystem management strategies are common; societies develop a strongly proactive approach to the management of ecosystems

Answer 29

Direct and indirect drivers will increase some ecosystems services and decrease others Food production and water use will both increase Continued land use change will drive species loss 12-18% Proactive futures, and globalized futures are the best in terms of ecosystem conservation

Answer 30

Each future has different supply of each ES. Global Orchestration increases in Provisioning services and Cultural services, while have less Regulating services, supporting services, and Ecological engineering capacity and knowledge. Order from strength decreases in everything Adapting Mosaic only losses Provisioning services Technogarden only losses cultural services.