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CMB Ni Ma'am Chel > FINAL TERM- PPT- MITO & MUTA > Flashcards

FINAL TERM- PPT- MITO & MUTA Flashcards

1
Q

It means “sugar splitting,” which
is exactly what occurs during this pathway. The
six-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into
two three-carbon sugars called pyruvate (an
ionized form of pyruvic acid).
 Occurs in the cytosol

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work.

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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3
Q

Catabolic pathway
⊡ End product - _____
⊡ By-product - _____
and _____

A

ATP
CO2 and H2O

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4
Q

⊡ most efficient catabolic pathway
⊡ Foods/fuel - carbohydrates, fats, and protein
⊡ spontaneous

A

Aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Greek - aer, air, and bios

A

life

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6
Q

Two phases of glycolysis

A

Energy investment and energy payoff phase

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7
Q

The cell actually consumes ATP during the
energy investment phase.

A

Energy investment

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8
Q

NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from glucose oxidation. The net energy production from glycolysis is 2 ATP + 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate per glucose molecule.

A

Energy payoff phase

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9
Q

Products of Glycolysis

A

⊡ 2 Pyruvates
⊡ 2 ATP
⊡ 2 NADH

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10
Q

is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from
additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input
undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux

A

Pyruvate

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11
Q

The enzyme responsible for the
catalyzation of the three steps is
pyruvate oxidation is ____________

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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12
Q

Pyruvate is a charged molecule, so in
eukaryotic cells, it must enter the
mitochondrion via ___________, with the
help of a ________________.

A

active transport, transport protein

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13
Q

It is an important cell’s metabolic hub. It
is composed of eight enzymes, all of which are within the mitochondrial matrix except the outlier succinate dehydrogenase, which is related to the respiratory chain on the
inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

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14
Q

He was able to present a complete picture of an important part of metabolism—the citric acid cycle

A

Hans Kreb

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15
Q

The citric acid cycle produces _______, ________, ________, ________

A

Carbon, NADH, FADH2, ATP or GTP

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16
Q

It powers ATP synthase to
ADP + Pi →ATP as H+ diffuse back into
matrix
⊡ 1 glucose yields 26-28 net ATP
(depending on which e- carriers used)

A

Proton gradient

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17
Q

most energy flows in this sequence: glucose-NADH-electron transport chain-proton-
motive force- ATP

A

Cellular respiration

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18
Q

The three main department of this metabolic
enterprise:

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric Acid cycle

19
Q

How many ATP are produced during respiration?

A

32 per glucose

20
Q

How many ATP are produced during fermentation?

A

2 per glucose

21
Q

What are the metabolic pathways?

A

Anabolic and Catabolic

22
Q

Small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required.

A

Anabolic

23
Q

Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released.

A

Catabolic

24
Q
  • Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
  • May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to
    offspring)
  • May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be
    passed to offspring
A

Mutation

25
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Chemicals and UV

26
Q

Some type of skin cancers and leukemia
result from ____________

A

Somatic mutations

27
Q

It is a DNA molecule that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones, which support its structure, to form a thread-like structures.

A

Chromosome

28
Q

Five types of chromosome mutation

A

– Deletion
– Inversion
– Translocation
– Nondisjunction
– Duplication

29
Q

Type of chromosome mutation
* Due to breakage
* A piece of a
chromosome is lost

A

Deletion

30
Q

Type of chromosome mutation
* Chromosome segment
breaks off
* Segment flips around
backwards
* Segment reattaches

A

Inversion

31
Q

Type of chromosome mutation
* Occurs when a
gene sequence is
repeated

A

Duplication

32
Q

Type of chromosome mutation
* Involves two
chromosomes that
are NOT homologous
* Part of one
chromosome is
transferred to
another chromosome

A

Translocation

33
Q

Type of chromosome mutation
* Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
* Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes
* Disorders:
– Down Syndrome – three 21st chromosomes
– Turner Syndrome – single X chromosome
– Klinefelter’s Syndrome – XXY chromosomes

A

Nondisjunction

34
Q

also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder
caused by the presence of all or part of
a third copy of chromosome 21. It is
typically associated with physical
growth delays, characteristic facial
features and mild to moderate
intellectual disability.

A

Down syndrome

35
Q

A condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing.
It can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.

A

Turner syndrome

36
Q

occurs when a boy is born with one or more extra X chromosomes. Most males have
one Y and one X chromosome. Having extra X chromosomes can cause a male to have some
physical traits unusual for males such as weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, and sterility

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

37
Q
  • Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
  • May only involve a single nucleotide
  • May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.
A

Gene mutations

38
Q

Type of Gene Mutations

A

– Point Mutations
– Substitutions
– Insertions
– Deletions
– Frameshift

39
Q

Type of gene mutation
* Change of a single
nucleotide
* Includes the
deletion, insertion, or
substitution of ONE
nucleotide in a gene

A

Point mutation

40
Q

is the result of one nucleotide substitution
* Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

A

Sickle cell disease

41
Q

Type of gene mutation
* Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides
* Changes the “reading frame” like changing a
sentence
* Proteins built incorrectly

A

Frameshift mutation

42
Q

It is a mutation that exchanges one base for another
(i.e., a change in a single
“chemical letter” such as
switching an A to a G)

A

Substitution mutation

43
Q

Type of gene mutation
- The addition of one or more
nucleotide base pairs into a DNA
sequence

A

Insertion mutation

44
Q

Type of gene mutation
- A part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication.
- Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome

A

Deletion mutation

CMB Ni Ma'am Chel (5 decks)

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