FINAL TERM- PPT-BR Flashcards by Ken Valdellana

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do enzyme works?

Enzymes catalyze
reactions by
weakening
chemical bonds,
which lowers
activation
energy.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape, including a surface groove called

Active site

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When an enzyme is interacting with it’s substrate, during the chemical reaction, together they are referred to as the

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enzymes have names that
usually end in __________

-ase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Formats for writing an enzymatic reaction
(__________)
_______ + ________ ———–> _________

            (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -----------> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

(enzyme)
Reactant + Reactant ———–> product

        ( enzyme ) Reactant -----------> product product

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do you sabotage an enzyme?

Denature it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Factors that influence enzyme activity

temperature
pH
Cofactors and Coenzymes
Inhibitors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most enzymes work best near _________

Neutral pH (6 to 8)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Non-protein portion of the
enzyme (ex. zinc, iron, copper,
vitamins) that is need for
proper enzymatic activity.

Cofactors/ Coenzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most ___________ are
coenzymes essential in
helping move atoms between
molecules in the formation of
carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins.

Vitamins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two types of enzyme inhibitors

Competitive inhibitor and Non-competitive inhibitor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemicals that
resemble an
enzyme’s normal
substrate and
compete with it for
the active site.

Reversible depending on
concentration of
inhibitor and
substrate.

Competitive inhibitor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Do not enter active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme & active site to change shape.
Usually reversible, depending on concentration of inhibitor & substrate.

Non-competitive inhibitor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enzyme inhibitors are
also used as ___________
and ___________.

herbicides, pesticides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

 Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
or organism.

 Cells either get their energy either by
photosynthesis or by eating stuff.

Metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are enzymes so important?

Nearly all chemical
reactions in biological
cells need enzymes to
make the reaction
occur fast enough to
support life.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The main form of energy from the sun is in the form of ________________

Electromagnetic radiation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are plants green?

Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is a pigment that absorbs red & blue light (photons) so green is reflected or transmitted.

Study These Flashcards

Chlorophyll

2 Types of Chlorophyll

Study These Flashcards

Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b

– Type of chlorophyll that is involved in light reactions

Study These Flashcards

Chlorophyll a

Type of Chlorophyll that assists in capturing light energy – accessory
pigment

Study These Flashcards

Chlorophyll b

accessory pigments – captures more light
energy

Study These Flashcards

Carotenoids

During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?

- During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments - Carotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow

Photosynthesis are used by autotrophs such as:

- Plants - Algae - Some bacteria (prokaryotes)

energy-rich chemical produced through photosynthesis

Glucose

series of reactions where the product of one reaction is consumed in the next

Biochemical pathway

The loss of electrons from a substance or the gain of oxygen.

Oxidation reaction

The gain of electrons to a substance or the loss of oxygen.

Reduction of electrons

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Mainly occurs in the leaves: a. stoma - pores b. mesophyll cells

Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO2 & O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere. - found on the underside of leaves

Stomata (Stoma)

Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

Chloroplast

What do cells use for energy?

Sunlight

It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups

Adenosine triphosphate

FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to ADP reforming ATP, process called

Phosphorylation

Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.

Light reaction

Also called Carbon Fixation or Carbon Cycle, Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).

Calvin cycle

2 possible routes for electron flow:

Use Photosystem I and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and generate ATP only OR use Photosystem II and Photosystem I with ETC and generate O2 , ATP and NADPH

–PHOTO-CHEMICAL SPLITTING OF WATER (RESTORING PHOTOSYSTEM II)

Photolysis

SYNTHESIS OF ATP

Chemiosmosis

carbon atoms from CO2 are bonded or ‘fixed’ into carbohydrates

Carbon fixation

To produce glucose: it takes __ turns and uses __ ATP and __ NADPH.

6, 18, 12

use Calvin cycle exclusively  Form 3-carbon compounds

C3 plants

evolved in hot, dry climate  Form 4-carbon compounds  Partially close stomata  E.g. Corn, sugar cane, crabgrass

C4 pathway

open stomata at night, close in day  Grow slow, lose less water  E.g. cactus, pineapple

CAM

 Hot, moist environments  15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane)  Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places:  Light reaction - mesophyll cells  Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells

C4 plants

 Hot, dry environments  5% of plants (cactus and ice plants)  Stomates closed during day  Stomates open during the night  Light reaction - occurs during the day  Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present

CAM plants

Electrons excite in _____________– move along ETC to _______________

Photosystem II, Photosystem I

FINAL TERM- PPT-BR Flashcards

(49 cards)