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CMB Ni Ma'am Chel > FINAL TERM- PPT-BR > Flashcards

FINAL TERM- PPT-BR Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are proteins

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2
Q

How do enzyme works?

A

Enzymes catalyze
reactions by
weakening
chemical bonds,
which lowers
activation
energy.

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3
Q

Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape, including a surface groove called

A

Active site

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4
Q

When an enzyme is interacting with it’s substrate, during the chemical reaction, together they are referred to as the

A

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

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5
Q

Enzymes have names that
usually end in __________

A

-ase

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6
Q

Formats for writing an enzymatic reaction
(__________)
_______ + ________ ———–> _________

            (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -----------> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

(enzyme)
Reactant + Reactant ———–> product

        ( enzyme ) Reactant -----------> product product
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7
Q

How do you sabotage an enzyme?

A

Denature it

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8
Q

Factors that influence enzyme activity

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • Cofactors and Coenzymes
  • Inhibitors
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9
Q

Most enzymes work best near _________

A

Neutral pH (6 to 8)

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10
Q

Non-protein portion of the
enzyme (ex. zinc, iron, copper,
vitamins) that is need for
proper enzymatic activity.

A

Cofactors/ Coenzymes

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11
Q

Most ___________ are
coenzymes essential in
helping move atoms between
molecules in the formation of
carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins.

A

Vitamins

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12
Q

Two types of enzyme inhibitors

A

Competitive inhibitor and Non-competitive inhibitor

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13
Q

Chemicals that
resemble an
enzyme’s normal
substrate and
compete with it for
the active site.

Reversible depending on
concentration of
inhibitor and
substrate.

A

Competitive inhibitor

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14
Q
  • Do not enter active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme & active site to change shape.
  • Usually reversible, depending on concentration of inhibitor & substrate.
A

Non-competitive inhibitor

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15
Q

Enzyme inhibitors are
also used as ___________
and ___________.

A

herbicides, pesticides

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16
Q

 Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
or organism.

 Cells either get their energy either by
photosynthesis or by eating stuff.

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

Why are enzymes so important?

A

Nearly all chemical
reactions in biological
cells need enzymes to
make the reaction
occur fast enough to
support life.

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18
Q

The main form of energy from the sun is in the form of ________________

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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19
Q

Why are plants green?

A

Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

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20
Q

is a pigment that absorbs red & blue light (photons) so green is reflected or transmitted.

A

Chlorophyll

21
Q

2 Types of Chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b

22
Q

– Type of chlorophyll that is involved in light reactions

A

Chlorophyll a

23
Q

Type of Chlorophyll that assists in capturing light energy – accessory
pigment

A

Chlorophyll b

24
Q

accessory pigments – captures more light
energy

A

Carotenoids

25
Q

During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?

A
  • During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments
    are greatly reduced revealing the other
    pigments
  • Carotenoids are pigments that are either red,
    orange, or yellow
26
Q

Photosynthesis are used by autotrophs such as:

A
  • Plants
  • Algae
  • Some bacteria (prokaryotes)
27
Q

energy-rich chemical produced through
photosynthesis

A

Glucose

28
Q

series of reactions where the product of one reaction is consumed in the next

A

Biochemical pathway

29
Q

The loss of electrons from a
substance or the gain of oxygen.

A

Oxidation reaction

30
Q

The gain of electrons to a
substance or the loss of oxygen.

A

Reduction of electrons

31
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Mainly occurs in the leaves:
a. stoma - pores
b. mesophyll cells

32
Q

Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO2 & O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.
- found on the underside of leaves

A

Stomata (Stoma)

33
Q

Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

A

Chloroplast

34
Q

What do cells use for energy?

A

Sunlight

35
Q

It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups

A

Adenosine triphosphate

36
Q

FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to
ADP reforming ATP, process called

A

Phosphorylation

37
Q

Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.

A

Light reaction

38
Q

Also called Carbon Fixation or Carbon Cycle, Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose).

A

Calvin cycle

39
Q

2 possible routes for electron flow:

A

Use Photosystem I and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and generate ATP only OR use Photosystem II and Photosystem I with
ETC and generate O2 , ATP and NADPH

40
Q

–PHOTO-CHEMICAL SPLITTING OF WATER
(RESTORING PHOTOSYSTEM II)

A

Photolysis

41
Q

SYNTHESIS OF ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

42
Q

carbon atoms from CO2 are
bonded or ‘fixed’ into carbohydrates

A

Carbon fixation

43
Q

To produce glucose: it takes __ turns and uses __ ATP and __ NADPH.

A

6, 18, 12

44
Q

use Calvin cycle exclusively
 Form 3-carbon compounds

A

C3 plants

45
Q

evolved in hot, dry climate
 Form 4-carbon compounds
 Partially close stomata
 E.g. Corn, sugar cane, crabgrass

A

C4 pathway

46
Q

open stomata at night, close in day
 Grow slow, lose less water
 E.g. cactus, pineapple

A

CAM

47
Q

 Hot, moist environments
 15% of plants (grasses, corn,
sugarcane)
 Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places:
 Light reaction - mesophyll cells
 Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells

A

C4 plants

48
Q

 Hot, dry environments
 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants)
 Stomates closed during day
 Stomates open during the night
 Light reaction - occurs during the day
 Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present

A

CAM plants

49
Q

Electrons excite in _____________– move along ETC to _______________

A

Photosystem II, Photosystem I

CMB Ni Ma'am Chel (5 decks)

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