Final Vocabulary

Question 1

High specific gravity

Answer 1

large quantities of proteins in solutes-salts/sugar/proteins than solvent-water

Question 2

Low specific gravity

Answer 2

much more solvent-water than solutes-salts/sugar/proteins (close to waters density)

Question 3

Elements

Answer 3

pure substances

Question 4

Compounds

Answer 4

pure substances

Question 5

Mixtures

Answer 5

physical combination (NOT a pure substance)

Question 6

Homogeneous mixture

Answer 6

mixed so well you CANNOT distinguish the different components visually

Question 7

Heterogeneous mixture

Answer 7

you CAN distinguish the components but may need a microscope (e.g. blood, milk, etc.)

Question 8

Physical property

Answer 8

properties that can be observed WITHOUT changing the identity of the substance under observation

Question 9

Examples of physical properties

Answer 9

E.g. temp at which a substance changes state (boiled water is still water), size, malleability, conductivity, density, etc.
[Solid→Gas = sublimation] [Gas→Solid = deposition]

Question 10

Chemical property

Answer 10

can only be observed DURING a change in the identity of the substance under observation

Question 11

Examples of chemical properties

Answer 11

E.g. a chemical might be corrosive, combustible, explosive, etc.

Question 12

Physical change

Answer 12

a process that does NOT change the identity of the substance under observation (just a change in physical state)

Question 13

Examples of physical change

Answer 13

E.g. melting, boiling, grinding, etc.

Question 14

Chemical change

*Results in a formation of __ __ also called __.

Answer 14

a process that DOES change the identity of the substance under observation (formation of a new compound) → also called REACTIONS

Question 15

Examples of chemical change

Answer 15

E.g. rusting, tarnishing, burning, etc.

Question 16

Specific Heat

Answer 16

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1℃

Question 17

Conductors

Answer 17

have LOW specific heat, metals

Question 18

Insulators

Answer 18

have HIGH specific heat, nonmetals

Question 19

“Burning calories”

Answer 19

food is burned in a calorimeter to determine their energy values

Question 20

Atomic radius

Answer 20

a length equal to half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms

Question 21

Ionic radius

Answer 21

the distance from the nucleus to the outermost e- of an ion

Question 22

Cation

*Size?

Answer 22

a positively charged ion of a metal

*Cations are much smaller

Question 23

Anion

*Size?

Answer 23

a negatively charged ion

*Anions are somewhat larger

Question 24

Ionic bonding

Answer 24

the attraction between positive and negative ions in an ionic compound

Question 25

Covalent bonding

Answer 25

holds the shared atoms together and forms a molecule

Question 26

Ionic Formulas

Answer 26

Ionic compounds are composed of ions. If you know the ions that make up the compound, you can write the formula (formula unit). DROP, SWAP, REDUCE

Question 27

Molecular Formulas

Answer 27

Covalent molecules are composed of neutral atoms, not ions. To write the molecular formula you need to know the name of the molecule

Question 28

``` Oxidizing agent (oxidant) *The species that’s being oxidized/reduced ```

Answer 28

The species in a reaction that causes another one to be oxidized *The species that’s being reduced

Question 29

``` Reducing agent (reductant) *The species that’s being oxidized/reduced ```

Answer 29

The species in a reaction that causes another one to be reduced *The species that’s being oxidized

Question 30

Typically an individual element is __ An individual species (reactant) is the __

Answer 30

Typically an individual element is oxidized/reduced An individual species (reactant) is the oxidant/reductant

Question 31

Intramolecular interactions

Answer 31

inside molecules

Question 32

Intermolecular interactions

Answer 32

between molecules

Question 33

Electronegativity

Answer 33

the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself

Question 34

Transfer of electrons: __ interaction

Answer 34

ionic interaction

Question 35

Unequal-sharing of electrons: __ bond

Answer 35

polar covalent bond

Question 36

Equal-sharing of electrons: __

Answer 36

nonpolar covalent bond

Question 37

Nonpolar Molecules have a __ shape with __ exterior atoms

Answer 37

Symmetrical shape (generally no lone pairs on central atom) with exterior atoms all the same

Question 38

Polar Molecules have a __ shape with __ exterior atoms | *It can be __ combination of atoms with a ___ geometry

Answer 38

``` Symmetrical geometry (no lone pairs) with different exterior atoms *ANY combination of atoms with a nonsymmetrical geometry (lone pairs) ```

Question 39

Dipole-dipole Forces are present in __ molecules * The larger the difference in electronegativity within a molecule, the greater/smaller the dipole-dipole interaction. * X and Y =

Answer 39

Present in polar molecules * The larger the difference in electronegativity within a molecule, the greater the dipole-dipole interaction * X and Y = nonmetals

Question 40

Hydrogen Bonding - Strength - Special type of __ bonding - Strength is limited by: - Present ONLY between molecules with:

Answer 40

- VERY STRONG - Special type of dipole-dipole bonding - Limited by the number of lone pairs on the central atom - Present ONLY between molecules with: N-H, O-H, and H-F bonds

Question 41

London Forces A.k.a. -The __ the mass of the molecules, the __ the London forces -The __ the surface-to-surface contact between molecules, the __ the London forces -Due to __ electron movement (Swishing)

Answer 41

A.k.a. van der Waals force and dispersion force - The larger the mass of the molecules, the stronger the London forces - The larger the surface-to-surface contact between molecules, the stronger the London forces - Due to transient electron movement (Swishing)

Question 42

Strength of bonds and attractive forces: - Ionic bond - Covalent bond - Hydrogen bond - Dipole-dipole attractions - Dispersion forces

Answer 42

Strong: - Ionic bond - Covalent bond Somewhat strong: - Hydrogen bond - Dipole-dipole attractions Weak: -Dispersion forces

Question 43

Dispersion forces are

Answer 43

Temporary shift of electrons in nonpolar bonds