finals !! Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
- A sustained formal presentation by a speaker to an
audience.
A
PUBLIC SPEAKING
2
Q
- The composite of the speaker (and their knowledge and
intentions), the audience (and their knowledge and
expectations), and the occasion.
A
RHETORICAL SITUATION
3
Q
- The study of the interested audience for the speech.
A
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
4
Q
- The process of tailoring the speech to address the
unique needs, interests, and expectations of the
audience.
A
AUDIENCE ADAPTATION
5
Q
- Where audience analysis and adaptation is rooted in.
- Theory that explains the processes we go through to
get to know strangers.
A
UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY
6
Q
It is the broad area of knowledge that can be
identified by listing those important to you and know
something about.
A
Subjects
7
Q
It is the uncritical, non-evaluative
process of generating ideas.
A
Brainstorming
8
Q
Visual means of exploring
connections between a subject and rel;ated
ideas.
A
Concept Map
9
Q
A person’s age, education
level, sex, income, occupation, socioeconomic
status, race ethnicity, religion, geographic
uniqueness, and first language.
A
Demographic Data -
10
Q
The level of knowledge,
initial level of interest in, and attitude toward
the potential topics.
A
Subject-Related Data
11
Q
The direct examination of
people to gather information about
their ideas and opinions.
A
Survey
12
Q
The practice of ignoring
the values, needs, interests, and
subject specific knowledge of some
audience members.
A
Marginalizing
13
Q
assuming all
members of a group have similar
knowledge levels, behaviors, or
beliefs simply because they belong to
that group.
A
Stereotyping
14
Q
the range of
demographic characteristics and
subject specific differences
represented in an audience.
A
Audience diversity
15
Q
The overall intent of the
speech.
A
General goal
16
Q
a single statement that
identifies the desired response a speaker
wants from the audience.
A
Specific goal
17
Q
- The process of locating information about your topic
discovered by other people.
A
SECONDARY RESEARCH
18
Q
A research method focused
on careful observations of people or groups of people
while immersed in their community.
A
Fieldwork Observations
19
Q
collecting data by acting as a
participant or non-participant observer.
A
Ethnography
20
Q
a planned, structured conversation where
one person asks questions and another answers them.
A
Interviews
21
Q
- Statements that can be verified.
A
FACTUAL STATEMENTS
22
Q
- References to an original source, made at the point in
the speech where information from that source is
presented.
A
ORAL FOOTNOTES
23
Q
a logical way to structure
information that makes it easy for an audience to follow.
A
Organizational pattern
24
Q
- organizing the main points by a
chronological sequence or by steps in a process.
A
Time Order
25
\ - dramatizes the thesis using a story
or series of stories that includes characters, settings,
and a plot.
Narrative Order
26
- structures the main points using some
logical relationship among them.
topical order
27
- structures the main points as
reasons for accepting the thesis as desirable or true.
Logical Reason Order
28
- structures the main points as
reasons for accepting the thesis as desirable or true.
Logical Reason Order
29
* A one- or two-sentence summary that states your
general and specific goals and previews the main
points of your speech.
THESIS STATEMENT
30
A written framework of the sequential and hierarchical
relationships among ideas in the speech.
outline
31
statements that elaborate on a main point.
Subpoint
32
- developmental material
gathered through secondary and primary research.
Supporting material
33
- complete sentence that shows
the relationship between and bridges major parts of the
speech.
Section transitions
34
- words or short phrases that connect
pieces of supporting material to the main point or
subpoint they address.
Signposts
35
- a question that doesn’t
require an overt response.
Rhetorical question
36
- an account of something that has happened
or could happen.
Stories
37
- anecdotes or a piece of wordplay designed to
make people laugh.
Jokes
38
- a brief account of something
that happened to you or a hypothetical situation
Personal references
39
It is the perception your audience has about
your competence and character.
Credibility
40
a short statement that provides a sense of
closure by driving home the importance of your speech
in a memorable way.
clincher
41
* Any visual, audio, audiovisual, or other sensory
material used to enhance a verbal message.
PRESENTATIONAL AID
42
* Enhance a speech by allowing audience members to
see what it is you are describing or explaining.
VISUAL AIDS
43
- inanimate or animate physical
samples of the idea being communicated.
Actual Objects
44
- a three-dimensional scaled down or
scaled-up version of an actual object.
Models
45
- a graphic representation that distills a lot of
information into an easily interpreted visual format,
Charts
46
* Refers to how we convey messages through the
spoken word.
ORAL STYLE
47
used to describe language used
to reduce the psychological distance between you and
your audience.
Verbal immediacy
48
* The combination of background, knowledge, attitudes,
experiences, and philosophies shared by speaker and
audience.
COMMON GROUND
49
- words used to apply to one
co-cultural group as though they represent everyone.
Generic Language
50
- when terms are changed
because of the sex, race, or other group characteristics
of the individual.
Nonparallel Language
51
- the addition of sex, race, age, or
other group designation to a description.
Marking
52
- not considered appropriate
language, but “casual swearing” is injected into regular
conversation now.
Profanity and Vulgarity
53
* These are words that appeal to seeing, hearing, tasting,
smelling, and feeling.
SENSORY LANGUAGE
54
This make striking
comparisons between things that are not obviously
alike.
Rhetorical figures of speech
55
It combine ideas in a
particular way.
Rhetorical structures of speech
56
- anxiety we experience before
giving the speech.
Anticipation phase
57
- the surge of anxiety we
experience when beginning to deliver the speech.
Confrontation phase
58
- the period during which our
anxiety gradually decreases.
Adaptation phase
59
believing we must impress a hypercritical audience with our knowledge and delivery.
Performance orientation
60
is focusing on talking with others about an important topic and getting the message across to them.
Communication orientation
61
- Developing a mental picture of yourself giving
a masterful speech.
Visualization
62
- Gradually visualizing and then engaging in
more frightening speaking events.
Systematic Desensitization
63
- Replacing anxiety-arousing negative self-talk
with anxiety reducing positive self-talk.
Cognitive Restructuring
64
- The systematic teaching of the skills
associated with preparing and delivering an
effective public speech.
Public Speaking Skills Training
65
- presenting a speech
so that your audience feels you are talking
with them.
Conversational style
66
is using the tongue,
palate, teeth, jaws, and lips to shape
vocalized sounds that combine to
produce a word.
Articulation
67
is the form and
accent of various syllables of a word.
Pronunciation
68
is the inflection, tone, and
speech habits typical of native
speakers of a language.
Accent
69
- Variations in pitch, volume, rate, and quality
that affect the meaning an audience gets from
the sentences you speak.
Vocal Expression
70
* A speech that is researched and planned ahead of
time, although the exact wording is not scripted and will vary from presentation to presentation.
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECHES
71
are a key word outline for a speech.
Speaking notes
72
* Information that is new to audience members and
piques interests.
INTELLECTUALLY STIMULATING
73
is contemplating something from
a variety of perspectives.
Productive thinking
74
* Method used to create an accurate, vivid, verbal picture of an object, geographic feature, setting, person, event,
or image.
DESCRIPTION
75
* Method that explains the meaning of something.
* Use familiar synonyms or antonyms of the word.
DEFINITION
76
* An informative speech that explains and shows how
something is done or made, or how it works.
INFORMATIVE PROCESS SPEECHES
77
- constructing logical arguments
supported with evidence and reasoning.
Logos
78
- highlighting speaker competence,
credibility, and good character.
Ethos
79
- appealing to emotions in order to
convince others to support your position.
Pathos
80
A ____________ is a declarative sentence that clearly
indicates the position you advocate.
proposition
81
- a statement designed to convince the
audience that something did or did not occur,
is or is not true, or will or will not occur.
Proposition of Fact
82
- a statement designed to convince the
audience that something is good, fair, moral,
sound, etc., or its opposite.
Proposition of Value
83
- a statement designed to convince the
audience that a specific course of action
should or should not be taken.
Proposition of Policy
84
-A type of logical arguments that Supports a claim by citing evidence that
shows one or more events always or almost
always brings about an event or effect.
Arguing from Causation
85
- Supports a claim with a single comparable
example that is significantly similar to the
subject of the claim.
Arguing from Analogy
86
- Supports a claim by providing one or more
individual examples.
Arguing from Example
87
- arguing that if
something is true for everything in a certain
class, then it is true for a given item in that
class.
Inductive reasoning
88
A three-part form of deductive
reasoning is called a ?.
syllogism
89
- arriving at a general
conclusion based on several pieces of
evidence.
Deductive reasoning
90
the reasoning process that connects the
support to the claim. Sometimes the warrant is
verbalized and sometimes it is implied.
Warrant (W)
91
the evidence offered as grounds for
accepting/agreeing with the claim. You can support a
claim with facts, opinions, experiences, and
observations.
Support (S)
92
the conclusion the speaker wants the
audience to agree with.
Claim (C)
93
T OR F:
Place the strongest reason last because this is the
reason you believe the audience will find most
persuasive.
TRUEEW
94
The ______________________________________ combines a
problem–solution pattern with explicit appeals designed to motivate the audience to act.
motivated sequence patter
95
___________________ explains the nature of a
problem and proposes a solution.
Problem–solution pattern
96
The ______________ arranges main points according
to opposing arguments and then both challenges them and bolsters your own.
* Useful when the target audience opposes your position.
refutative pattern
