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Oral Histology > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

It is a soft, specialized connective tissue that is situated between the cementum covering the root of the tooth and forms the ball socket wall

A

Periodontal ligament

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2
Q

Width of PDL at 11-16 years old

A

0.21 mm

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3
Q

Width of PDL at 51 to 67 years old

A

0.15

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4
Q

It develops during root formation

A

PDL

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5
Q

2 tissues of PDL

A

Dental Papilla and Dental follicle

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6
Q

Gives rise to the cementum, alveolar bone, and PDL

A

Dental Follicle

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7
Q

During the development of PDL, the outer enamel epithelium will give rise to what structure?

A

Cervical loop

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8
Q

As the cervical loop progressively increases, it will give rise

A

HERS and Dental follicle

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9
Q

during the root formation, what cells will gain its polarity?

A

Mesenchyme cells

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10
Q

The ___ will rupture, changing the orientation of the mesenchyme cells

A

HERS

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11
Q

The mesenchymal cells will help in the deposition of ___ cementum.

A

root

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12
Q

It is a protein composed of different amino acids

A

Collagen

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13
Q

The amount of collagen in a tissue can be determined by its ___ content.

A

hydroxyproline

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14
Q

____ have transverse striations with a characteristic periodicity of 64 nm

A

Collagen fibrils

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15
Q

Main types of collagen in the PDL

A

type 1 and type 3

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16
Q

also known as bulk of pdl

A

type 1 collagen

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17
Q

it is linked to type 1 collagen and is a rapid turnover of collagen

A

Type 3

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18
Q

it it linked to type 1 collagen and is a rapid turnover of collagen

A

Type 3

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19
Q

Embedded fibers and more numerous but smaller at their attachment into the cementum than alveolar bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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20
Q

Fully mineralized cementum

A

Acellular cementum

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21
Q

Partially mineralized cementum

A

cellular cementum

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22
Q

noncollagenous proteins

A

osteopontin and bone sialoprotein

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23
Q

Principal fibers frequently followed a wavy course from cementum to bone and joined in the mid region of the Periodontal space, giving rise to a zone of distinct apperance

A

intermediate plexus

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24
Q

A specific type of waviness has been under reported in collagenous tissues including the PDL

A

Crimping

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25
Q

consist of microfibrillar component surrounding an amorphous core of elastin protein

A

mature elastic fibers

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26
Q

seen as bundles of microfibrils embedded in a relatively small amount of morphous elastin and found within fibers of gingival ligament

A

elaunin fibers

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27
Q

appears to consist of microfibrillar component only and not susceptible to acid hydrolysis

A

Oxytalan fibers

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28
Q

These are fine immature collagen fibers that are related to basement membrane of blood vessels and epithelial cells and compoed of type 3 collagen

A

Reticular fibers

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29
Q

Located between and among principal fibers that are no-directional and randomly oriented. It transverse the PDL space coronoapically

A

Secondary fibers

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30
Q

these fibers run in all directions and seen in ground setions

A

Indifferent fiber plexus

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31
Q

a gel-like matrix present in every nook and cranny that consist mainly of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It occupies a large volume of the PDL

A

Ground substance

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32
Q

Two main types (Protein?) of PDL

A

dermatan sulfate and proteoglycan

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33
Q

Small leucin rich proteoglycans

A

Fibromodulin and perlecan

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34
Q

the predominant glycoprotein in a ground substance

A

Fibronectin

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35
Q

Glycoprotein seen in PDL

A

Tenascin and Vitronectin

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36
Q

other molecules in PDL

A

osteonectin, Laminin and Undulin

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37
Q

A loose connective tissue

A

Interstitial tissue

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38
Q

It extend interproximal over the alveolar bone crest and are lodged in the cementum of neighboring teeth

A

Transseptal group

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39
Q

regarded as being part of the gingiva

A

transseptal group

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40
Q

from the cementum directly below the junctional epithelium, extend obliquely to the alveolar crest

A

Alveolar crest group

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41
Q

This fiber group resists lateral tooth movement and prevents tooth extrusion

A

Alveolar crest group

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42
Q

Extend from the cementum to the alveolar bone at a right angle to the long axis of the tooth

A

Horizontal group

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43
Q

the PDL’s largest group extends coronally from the cementum and points obliquely toward the bone

A

Oblique bone

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44
Q

It carries the bulk of vertical masticatory forces, which are converted into strain on the alveolar bone

A

Oblique bone

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45
Q

The cementum at the apex of the socket radiates in a rather erratic manner to the bone

A

Apical group

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46
Q

It doesn’t happen on roots that aren’t fully established

A

Apical group

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47
Q

Multi-rooted teeth’s zones of furcation fan out from the cementum to the tooth

A

Interradicular group

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48
Q

Associated with nociception and mechanoception with touch, pressure, pain, and sensation

A

Sensory fiber

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49
Q

Associated with PDL vessels

A

Autonomic fibers

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50
Q

These perform a major role in the transmission of touch and textural information when eating and also provide afferent feedback essential in the control of salivation, mastication and swallong

A

mechanoreceptors

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51
Q

Functions of the PDL

A

Supportive
Sensory
Nutritive
Eruptive
Physical

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52
Q

Most common pathologic lesions of the jaw

A

Periapical granuloma and apical cyst

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53
Q

Osteoblast, Cementoblasts and Fibroblast are classified as

A

Synthetic cell

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54
Q

It requires an increase number of organelles like RER and Golgi complexes and a lot of energy

A

Synthetic cell

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55
Q

Origin of fibroblast

A

ectomesenchyme of dental papilla and dental follicle

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56
Q

Is the predominant cell that are fusisform and arranged parallel to tooth surface

A

fibroblast

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57
Q

bone forming cells lining tooth
socket and covers the peridontal surface of alveolar bone

A

osteoblasts

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58
Q

It produce the structural connective tissue proteins, collagen, and elastin

A

Fibroblast

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59
Q

Less proliferative and its origin is the mesodermal

A

Gingival fibroblast

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60
Q
  • almost cuboidal with a large vesicular
    nucleus
  • one or more nucleoli and abundant
    cytoplasm.
  • All the organelles required for protein
    synthesis and secretion are present
  • have abundant mitochondria and less
    amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum
A

Cementoblasts

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61
Q

Cells depositing acellular cementum do not have
prominent ___

A

cytoplasmic processes.

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62
Q

Resorptive cells

A

Osteoclasts, fibroblasts, intracellular degradation, cementoclasts

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63
Q
  • cells that resorb bone and tend to be large and multi-
    nucleated
  • it can also be small and mononuclear
  • the multi-nucleated osteoclasts are formed by fusion of precursor cells similar to circulating monocytes
  • are found against the bony surface occupying shallow
    depression
A

osteoclasts

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64
Q
  • aid in remodeling the PDL
  • the presence of these cells indicate
    resorption of fibers occur during
    either disease or physiological
    turnover or remodeling of PDL
  • the collagen degradation was an
    extracellular event involving the
    activity of the enzyme collagenase
A

Fibroblast

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65
Q
  • it breakdowns the cellular components and
    biomolecules within the cell
  • collagen fibril is first phagocytosed by the fibroblast,
    a banded fibril surrounded by an electronlucent zone
    is seen
  • the banded fibrils are surrounded by an electron-
    dense zone
  • the lysosomes it the responsible for the intracellular
    degradation
  • extracellular matrix degradation consists of
    conjugation, transport, oxidation, or proteolysis
A

Intracellular degradation

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66
Q
  • originate from hemopoietic tissue and aids in
    resorption of cementum
  • it is resemble osteoclasts and occasionally found in
    normal PDL
  • resorption of cementum can occur under certain
    circumstances, and in these instances mononuclear
    cementoclasts or multi-nucleated giant cells, often
    located in Howship’s lacunae, are found on the
    surface of the cementum
A

cementoclasts

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67
Q

are tiny, less
polarized, and have fewer Golgi sacs and
rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

progenitor fibroblasts

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68
Q

Cells found inside the ____ help to build the
periodontal ligament during development.

A

dental follicle

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69
Q

The periodontal ligament contains epithelial cells that
are found close to the cementum

A

Epithelial rest of Malassez

70
Q

Associated with blood vessels that are
characterized by numerous cytoplasmic
granules. Plays a role in inflammatory reaction

A

Mast cell

71
Q

Histiocytes, are found in the ligament and
are located adjacent to blood vessels.

A

Macrophages

72
Q

a defense cell found in the PDL

A

Eosinophil

73
Q

Maintenance of the normal width of the PDL irrespective of tooth position

A

Periodontal Ligament Homeostasis

74
Q

Age changes of PDL is seen in the ligament in the form of

A

Cementicle formation, reduced cellular and functional activity

75
Q

the part of maxilla or mandible that forms and supports the socket of the teeth in which the teeth are anchored.

A

Alveolar bone process

76
Q

2 parallel plates of the cortical bone

A

buccal and lingual alveolar plates

77
Q

Functions of the alveolar process

A
  • Support, protects, attaches
  • Act as a reservoir
  • Absorption and distribution
  • Hemopoiesis
78
Q

the hole in the bone where the tooth used to be, after a tooth is removed.

A

Socket

79
Q

floor of the socket

A

Fundus

80
Q

Rim of the socket

A

Alveolar crest

81
Q

These individual sockets are
separated from the adjacent ones by
plates of bone

A

interdental septa

82
Q

These individual sockets are
separated from the adjacent ones by
plates of bone

A

interdental septa

83
Q

the sockets of multi- rooted teeth are separated by

A

interradicular septa

84
Q

contains perforating canals of Zuckerkandl and Hirschfeld which house the interdental and interradicular arteries,
veins, lymph vessels and nerves.

A

interdental and interradicular septa

85
Q

the alveolar bone can be divided into two parts

A

alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone

86
Q

the range of thickness of the compact bone lining

A

0.1 to 05 mm

87
Q

is a layer of compact bone lining the tooth socket and it
varies in thickness from 0.1 to 0.5 mm.

A

Alveolar bone proper

88
Q

The alveolar bone proper is referred to as cribriform plate due to the sieve like appearance
produced by numerous vascular canals called

A

Volkmann’s canal

89
Q

has numerous bundles of Sharpey ’s fibers
from the periodontal ligament are inserted and cemented into it.

A

Bundle bone

90
Q

The of the alveolar bone proper
shows lamellae which are arranged parallel to the
root surface with few Haversian systems.

A

lamellated portion

91
Q

Alveolar bone proper is referred to as ____
because of increased radiopacity which makes it
appear as a radio-dense layer.

A

lamina dura

92
Q

appears as a continuous radiopaque
lining of the socket and usually is continuous with
buccal

A

Lamina dura

93
Q

which is made up of compact bone
and forms a buccal and inner lingual plates of
alveolar process.

A

Cortical plate

94
Q

Spongy bone also called as ____, is the cancellous
bone which fills the area between the cortical plates and the alveolar bone proper.

A

trabecular bone

95
Q

_____ is formed during fetal growth by intramembranous ossification.

A

Alveolar bone

96
Q

The size of the alveolus is dependent upon the size of the growing ____

A

tooth germ.

97
Q

the membrane lining the
medullary cavity and the trabeculae of
spongy bone.

A

endosteum

98
Q

It consists of a single layer of
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and
osteoclasts.

A

Endosteum

99
Q

are the stem cells found in bone
tissue. These are specialised bone cells that developed into osteoblasts. Located at the deep layer of the periosteum and marrow

A

Osteogenic

100
Q

are bone-forming cells that
secrete the organic matrix of bone

A

Osteoblast

101
Q

Formation and mineralization of bone
Remodeling
Healing damaged or broken bones.

A

osteoblast

102
Q

are cells that break down bone
tissue. Found in the bone surface and at sites of
old, injured, or unneeded bone. Responsible for resorption of bone

A

osteoclasts

103
Q

Mature bone cells are embedded within
the bone matrix. Derived from osteoblasts and maintain mineral concentration of matrix

A

Osteocytes

104
Q

Remodeling is the major pathway of bone changes in

A

shape, resistance to forces, repair of wounds, and calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body

105
Q

Alveolar remodeling is manifested in 3 areas:

A
  • adjacent to the pdl
  • in relation to the periosteum of the facial and lingual plates
  • endosteum surface of the marrow spaces
106
Q

Clinical considerations of the alveolar bone

A

Ledges, Exostosis, fenestration, Dehiscence

107
Q

It is the mucous membrane, the moist lining of the gastrointestinal tract,
nasal passages, and other body cavities that communicate with the exterior

A

Oral mucosa

108
Q

The larger part of the oral mucosa is represented by _____, amounting to about 60% of the total area,

A

lining mucosa

109
Q

Functions of the oral mucosa

A

PROTECTION of deeper tissues
SENSATION of different stimuli
SECRETION of saliva
THERMAL REGULATION for the regulation
of body temperature

110
Q

separated from the vestibule by alveolar bone and gingiva

A

Oral cavity proper

111
Q

areas of the oral cavity such as hard palate and gingiva,
that are exposed to masticatory forces

A

masticatory mucosa

112
Q

Covers the under surface of tongue, floor of mouth, inside of lips
& cheeks, alveolar processes and soft palate

A

Lining mucosa

113
Q

Covers the dorsum of the tongue

A

Specialized mucosa

114
Q

a slight whitish ridge occurs along
the buccal mucosa in the occlusal
plane of the teeth.

A

linea alba

115
Q

appear as pale yellow spots

A

fordyce spots

116
Q

present in the upper lip and
buccal mucosa in about three
quarters of adults and have
been described occasionally
in the alveolar mucosa and
dorsum of the tongue.

A

Sebaceous
glands in the
mucosa of the
cheek

117
Q

lining of the oral epithelium

A

stratified squamous

118
Q

maintains its structural integrity by a process of
continuous renewal

A

oral epithelium

119
Q

protein aggregates keratin filaments, promoting the collapse and flattening
of keratinocytes.

A

corneocytes

120
Q

protective layer of the oral epithelium

A

Cornifield cell envelope

121
Q

Estimated turnover time of the skin

A

52 to 75 days

122
Q

Estimated turnover time of the gut

A

4 to 14 days

123
Q

Estimated turnover time of the gingiva

A

41 to 57 days

124
Q

Estimated turnover time of the cheeks

A

25 days

125
Q

4 layers of keratinization

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum

126
Q
  • the epithelial surface of the masticatory mucosa is inflexible
  • resistant to abrasion
  • tightly bound to lamina propria
A

keratinization

127
Q

keratinization is also known as

A

Cornification

128
Q
  • a layer of cuboidal or columnar cells adjacent to the nasal lamina
  • it is cuboidal or columnar cells containing bundles of tonofibrils and other cell organelles
A

Stratum basale

129
Q
  • it is located above the basal layer and these are rows of elliptical or spherical cells
    -these are larger ovoid cells containing conspicuous tonofibrils; membrane-coating granules which appear in the upper part of this layer.
  • prickle cell layer
A

Stratum spinosum

130
Q
  • insoluble on water and they promote cell dehydration
  • this layer consists of larger flattened cells containing small granules that stain intensely with acid dyes such as hematoxylin
A

stratum granulosum

131
Q
  • composed of flat squamous cells that stain bright pink with the histologic dye eosin and does not contain any nuclei
  • sometimes called cornified layer or horny layer
A

stratum corneum

132
Q

lining of the oral cavity, which
is present on the lips, buccal
mucosa, alveolar mucosa,
soft palate, underside of the
tongue and the floor of the
mouth

A

non keratinization

133
Q

layers of the non keratinization

A

Stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum intermedium
stratum superficiale

134
Q

slightly flattened cells containing many
dispersed tonofilaments and glycogen

A

stratum intermedium

135
Q

slightly flattened cells with dispersed
filaments and glycogen fewer organelles
are present but nuclei persist

A

stratum superficiale

136
Q

Melanin is produced by specialized pigment cells, called
_____, situated in the basal layer of the oral epithelium.

A

melanocytes

137
Q

Melanocytes arise embryologically from the neural crest ectoderm
and enter the epithelium at about ___ weeks of gestation.

A

11

138
Q

The pigments that most commonly contributes are _____

A

melanin and hemoglobin.

139
Q

Melanin is synthesized within the melanocytes as
small structures called ____ which are
transferred into the cytoplasm of adjacent
keratinocytes by the dendritic processes of
melanocytes.

A

melanosomes

140
Q

The regions of the oral mucosa where melanin pigmentation is seen most
commonly at the

A

gingiva, buccal mucosa, hard palate, and tongue.

141
Q

Langerhans cell is another dendritic
cell sometimes seen above the basal
layers of epidermis and oral
epithelium.

A

Langerhans cell

142
Q

It is characterized ultrastructurally by
a small rod- or flask-shaped granule,
sometimes called the

A

Birbeck granule

143
Q

Situated in the basal layer of the oral epithelium
and epidermis.

A

merkel cells

144
Q

small membrane-bound vesicles in the
cytoplasm, sometimes situated adjacent to a
nerve fiber associated with the cell.

A

merkel cells

145
Q

_____ often are associated with
Langerhans cells that produce cytokines such as
interleukin-1, that activates T lymphocytes so that
they are capable of responding to antigenic
challenge.

A

lymphocytes

146
Q

connective tissue supporting the oral epithelium and consist of cell, blood
vessels, neural elements and fibers embedded in an amorphous ground substance.

A

Lamina propria

147
Q

2 layers of Lamina propria

A

Superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer

148
Q
  • Resposible for the elaboration and
    turnover of fiber and ground sunstance
  • Plays a key role in maintaining tissue
    connective integrity
  • Have a low rate of proliferation in adult
    oral mucosa except during wound
    healing
A

fibroblast

149
Q

the principal one being to ingest damaged
tissue or foreign material in phagocytic vacuoles
that fuse, intracytoplasmically, with lysosomes
and initiate breakdown of these materials.

A

macrophages

150
Q

is common in pigmented oral
mucosa, is a cell that has ingested melanin
granules extruded from melanocytes within the
epithelium.

A

melanophage

151
Q

is a cell that contains hemosiderin
derived from red blood cells that have been
extravasated into the tissues as a result of
mechanical injury.

A

siderophage

152
Q

They play a role in maintaining
normal tissue stability and vascular homeostasis

A

mast cells

153
Q

is known to be important in initiating the vascular phase of an inflammatory process

A

histamine

154
Q

The intracellular matrix of the lamina propria consists of two major types of fiber:

A

collage, elastic fibers and ground substances

155
Q

covers those areas of the oral cavity such as the hard palate and gingiva that
are exposed to compressive and shear forces and to abrasion during the
mastication of food.

A

masticatory mucosa

156
Q

the masticatory mucosa covers what structures

A

immobile; palate and alveolar process

157
Q

The oral mucosa that covers the underside of the tongue inside of the lips
cheeks, floor of the mouth, and alveolar processes as far as the gingiva is
subject to movement together with the soft palate.

A

lining mucosa

158
Q
  • flexible and able to withstand stretching
  • The lamina propria is generally thicker than in masticatory mucosa and contains
    fewer collagen fibers, which follow a more irregular course between anchoring
    points
  • the mucosa becomes slack during masticatory movements
  • The alveolar mucosa and mucosa covering the floor of the mouth are attached
    loosely to the underlying structures by a thick submucosa.
A

Lining mucosa

159
Q

The anterior two-thirds of the tongue is called the body and is derived from the

A

first pharyngeal arch.

160
Q

The posterior one-third of the tongue is called the base and is derived from the

A

third pharyngeal arch

161
Q

The anterior portion of the tongue has two types of
papillae:

A

fungiform and filiform

162
Q

are smooth, round structures that
appear red due to their highly vascular connective
tissue core visible through a thin, nonkeratinized
covering epithelium.

A

fungiform papillae

163
Q

are cone-shaped structures that cover the entire
anterior part of the tongue.

A

filiform papillae

164
Q

They consist of a core of connective tissue covered by a thick keratinized
epithelium.

Together, they form a tough, abrasive surface that helps compress and
break down food when the tongue is pressed against the hard palate.

Keratin buildup can result in elongation of this papillae giving the
tongue a hairy appearance known as “hairy tongue.”

A

Filiform papillae

165
Q

are leaf-like structures located
on the lateral margins of the posterior part of the tongue.

A

foliate paillae

166
Q

consist of parallel ridges and
deep grooves in the mucosa.

A

Foliate papillae

167
Q

The are located adjacent and
anterior to the sulcus terminalis and number between
8 to 12.

A

circumvallate papillae

168
Q

They are large, walled structures surrounded by a
deep, circular groove which contains the ducts of
minor salivary glands.

The superior surface of the papillae is covered by a
keratinized epithelium, while the lateral walls have a
nonkeratinized epithelium containing taste buds.

A

Circumvallate papillae

169
Q

The line separating the vermilion zone from the hair-bearing
skin of the lip is called the

A

vermilion border

170
Q

This junction is identified clinically by a
slight indentation called the
______ and by the
change from the bright pink of the
alveolar mucosa to the paler pink of the
gingiva.

A

mucogingival groove

Oral Histology (3 decks)

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