Finals Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
It is a soft, specialized connective tissue that is situated between the cementum covering the root of the tooth and forms the ball socket wall
A
Periodontal ligament
2
Q
Width of PDL at 11-16 years old
A
0.21 mm
3
Q
Width of PDL at 51 to 67 years old
A
0.15
4
Q
It develops during root formation
A
PDL
5
Q
2 tissues of PDL
A
Dental Papilla and Dental follicle
6
Q
Gives rise to the cementum, alveolar bone, and PDL
A
Dental Follicle
7
Q
During the development of PDL, the outer enamel epithelium will give rise to what structure?
A
Cervical loop
8
Q
As the cervical loop progressively increases, it will give rise
A
HERS and Dental follicle
9
Q
during the root formation, what cells will gain its polarity?
A
Mesenchyme cells
10
Q
The ___ will rupture, changing the orientation of the mesenchyme cells
A
HERS
11
Q
The mesenchymal cells will help in the deposition of ___ cementum.
A
root
12
Q
It is a protein composed of different amino acids
A
Collagen
13
Q
The amount of collagen in a tissue can be determined by its ___ content.
A
hydroxyproline
14
Q
____ have transverse striations with a characteristic periodicity of 64 nm
A
Collagen fibrils
15
Q
Main types of collagen in the PDL
A
type 1 and type 3
16
Q
also known as bulk of pdl
A
type 1 collagen
17
Q
it is linked to type 1 collagen and is a rapid turnover of collagen
A
Type 3
18
Q
it it linked to type 1 collagen and is a rapid turnover of collagen
A
Type 3
19
Q
Embedded fibers and more numerous but smaller at their attachment into the cementum than alveolar bone
A
Sharpey’s fibers
20
Q
Fully mineralized cementum
A
Acellular cementum
21
Q
Partially mineralized cementum
A
cellular cementum
22
Q
noncollagenous proteins
A
osteopontin and bone sialoprotein
23
Q
Principal fibers frequently followed a wavy course from cementum to bone and joined in the mid region of the Periodontal space, giving rise to a zone of distinct apperance
A
intermediate plexus
24
Q
A specific type of waviness has been under reported in collagenous tissues including the PDL
A
Crimping
25
consist of microfibrillar component surrounding an amorphous core of elastin protein
mature elastic fibers
26
seen as bundles of microfibrils embedded in a relatively small amount of morphous elastin and found within fibers of gingival ligament
elaunin fibers
27
appears to consist of microfibrillar component only and not susceptible to acid hydrolysis
Oxytalan fibers
28
These are fine immature collagen fibers that are related to basement membrane of blood vessels and epithelial cells and compoed of type 3 collagen
Reticular fibers
29
Located between and among principal fibers that are no-directional and randomly oriented. It transverse the PDL space coronoapically
Secondary fibers
30
these fibers run in all directions and seen in ground setions
Indifferent fiber plexus
31
a gel-like matrix present in every nook and cranny that consist mainly of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It occupies a large volume of the PDL
Ground substance
32
Two main types (Protein?) of PDL
dermatan sulfate and proteoglycan
33
Small leucin rich proteoglycans
Fibromodulin and perlecan
34
the predominant glycoprotein in a ground substance
Fibronectin
35
Glycoprotein seen in PDL
Tenascin and Vitronectin
36
other molecules in PDL
osteonectin, Laminin and Undulin
37
A loose connective tissue
Interstitial tissue
38
It extend interproximal over the alveolar bone crest and are lodged in the cementum of neighboring teeth
Transseptal group
39
regarded as being part of the gingiva
transseptal group
40
from the cementum directly below the junctional epithelium, extend obliquely to the alveolar crest
Alveolar crest group
41
This fiber group resists lateral tooth movement and prevents tooth extrusion
Alveolar crest group
42
Extend from the cementum to the alveolar bone at a right angle to the long axis of the tooth
Horizontal group
43
the PDL's largest group extends coronally from the cementum and points obliquely toward the bone
Oblique bone
44
It carries the bulk of vertical masticatory forces, which are converted into strain on the alveolar bone
Oblique bone
45
The cementum at the apex of the socket radiates in a rather erratic manner to the bone
Apical group
46
It doesn't happen on roots that aren't fully established
Apical group
47
Multi-rooted teeth's zones of furcation fan out from the cementum to the tooth
Interradicular group
48
Associated with nociception and mechanoception with touch, pressure, pain, and sensation
Sensory fiber
49
Associated with PDL vessels
Autonomic fibers
50
These perform a major role in the transmission of touch and textural information when eating and also provide afferent feedback essential in the control of salivation, mastication and swallong
mechanoreceptors
51
Functions of the PDL
Supportive
Sensory
Nutritive
Eruptive
Physical
52
Most common pathologic lesions of the jaw
Periapical granuloma and apical cyst
53
Osteoblast, Cementoblasts and Fibroblast are classified as
Synthetic cell
54
It requires an increase number of organelles like RER and Golgi complexes and a lot of energy
Synthetic cell
55
Origin of fibroblast
ectomesenchyme of dental papilla and dental follicle
56
Is the predominant cell that are fusisform and arranged parallel to tooth surface
fibroblast
57
bone forming cells lining tooth
socket and covers the peridontal surface of alveolar bone
osteoblasts
58
It produce the structural connective tissue proteins, collagen, and elastin
Fibroblast
59
Less proliferative and its origin is the mesodermal
Gingival fibroblast
60
- almost cuboidal with a large vesicular
nucleus
- one or more nucleoli and abundant
cytoplasm.
- All the organelles required for protein
synthesis and secretion are present
- have abundant mitochondria and less
amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cementoblasts
61
Cells depositing acellular cementum do not have
prominent ___
cytoplasmic processes.
62
Resorptive cells
Osteoclasts, fibroblasts, intracellular degradation, cementoclasts
63
- cells that resorb bone and tend to be large and multi-
nucleated
- it can also be small and mononuclear
- the multi-nucleated osteoclasts are formed by fusion of precursor cells similar to circulating monocytes
- are found against the bony surface occupying shallow
depression
osteoclasts
64
- aid in remodeling the PDL
- the presence of these cells indicate
resorption of fibers occur during
either disease or physiological
turnover or remodeling of PDL
- the collagen degradation was an
extracellular event involving the
activity of the enzyme collagenase
Fibroblast
65
- it breakdowns the cellular components and
biomolecules within the cell
- collagen fibril is first phagocytosed by the fibroblast,
a banded fibril surrounded by an electronlucent zone
is seen
- the banded fibrils are surrounded by an electron-
dense zone
- the lysosomes it the responsible for the intracellular
degradation
- extracellular matrix degradation consists of
conjugation, transport, oxidation, or proteolysis
Intracellular degradation
66
- originate from hemopoietic tissue and aids in
resorption of cementum
- it is resemble osteoclasts and occasionally found in
normal PDL
- resorption of cementum can occur under certain
circumstances, and in these instances mononuclear
cementoclasts or multi-nucleated giant cells, often
located in Howship’s lacunae, are found on the
surface of the cementum
cementoclasts
67
are tiny, less
polarized, and have fewer Golgi sacs and
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
progenitor fibroblasts
68
Cells found inside the ____ help to build the
periodontal ligament during development.
dental follicle
69
The periodontal ligament contains epithelial cells that
are found close to the cementum
Epithelial rest of Malassez
70
Associated with blood vessels that are
characterized by numerous cytoplasmic
granules. Plays a role in inflammatory reaction
Mast cell
71
Histiocytes, are found in the ligament and
are located adjacent to blood vessels.
Macrophages
72
a defense cell found in the PDL
Eosinophil
73
Maintenance of the normal width of the PDL irrespective of tooth position
Periodontal Ligament Homeostasis
74
Age changes of PDL is seen in the ligament in the form of
Cementicle formation, reduced cellular and functional activity
75
the part of maxilla or mandible that forms and supports the socket of the teeth in which the teeth are anchored.
Alveolar bone process
76
2 parallel plates of the cortical bone
buccal and lingual alveolar plates
77
Functions of the alveolar process
- Support, protects, attaches
- Act as a reservoir
- Absorption and distribution
- Hemopoiesis
78
the hole in the bone where the tooth used to be, after a tooth is removed.
Socket
79
floor of the socket
Fundus
80
Rim of the socket
Alveolar crest
81
These individual sockets are
separated from the adjacent ones by
plates of bone
interdental septa
82
These individual sockets are
separated from the adjacent ones by
plates of bone
interdental septa
83
the sockets of multi- rooted teeth are separated by
interradicular septa
84
contains perforating canals of Zuckerkandl and Hirschfeld which house the interdental and interradicular arteries,
veins, lymph vessels and nerves.
interdental and interradicular septa
85
the alveolar bone can be divided into two parts
alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone
86
the range of thickness of the compact bone lining
0.1 to 05 mm
87
is a layer of compact bone lining the tooth socket and it
varies in thickness from 0.1 to 0.5 mm.
Alveolar bone proper
88
The alveolar bone proper is referred to as cribriform plate due to the sieve like appearance
produced by numerous vascular canals called
Volkmann's canal
89
has numerous bundles of Sharpey ’s fibers
from the periodontal ligament are inserted and cemented into it.
Bundle bone
90
The of the alveolar bone proper
shows lamellae which are arranged parallel to the
root surface with few Haversian systems.
lamellated portion
91
Alveolar bone proper is referred to as ____
because of increased radiopacity which makes it
appear as a radio-dense layer.
lamina dura
92
appears as a continuous radiopaque
lining of the socket and usually is continuous with
buccal
Lamina dura
93
which is made up of compact bone
and forms a buccal and inner lingual plates of
alveolar process.
Cortical plate
94
Spongy bone also called as ____, is the cancellous
bone which fills the area between the cortical plates and the alveolar bone proper.
trabecular bone
95
_____ is formed during fetal growth by intramembranous ossification.
Alveolar bone
96
The size of the alveolus is dependent upon the size of the growing ____
tooth germ.
97
the membrane lining the
medullary cavity and the trabeculae of
spongy bone.
endosteum
98
It consists of a single layer of
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and
osteoclasts.
Endosteum
99
are the stem cells found in bone
tissue. These are specialised bone cells that developed into osteoblasts. Located at the deep layer of the periosteum and marrow
Osteogenic
100
are bone-forming cells that
secrete the organic matrix of bone
Osteoblast
101
Formation and mineralization of bone
Remodeling
Healing damaged or broken bones.
osteoblast
102
are cells that break down bone
tissue. Found in the bone surface and at sites of
old, injured, or unneeded bone. Responsible for resorption of bone
osteoclasts
103
Mature bone cells are embedded within
the bone matrix. Derived from osteoblasts and maintain mineral concentration of matrix
Osteocytes
104
Remodeling is the major pathway of bone changes in
shape, resistance to forces, repair of wounds, and calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body
105
Alveolar remodeling is manifested in 3 areas:
- adjacent to the pdl
- in relation to the periosteum of the facial and lingual plates
- endosteum surface of the marrow spaces
106
Clinical considerations of the alveolar bone
Ledges, Exostosis, fenestration, Dehiscence
107
It is the mucous membrane, the moist lining of the gastrointestinal tract,
nasal passages, and other body cavities that communicate with the exterior
Oral mucosa
108
The larger part of the oral mucosa is represented by _____, amounting to about 60% of the total area,
lining mucosa
109
Functions of the oral mucosa
PROTECTION of deeper tissues
SENSATION of different stimuli
SECRETION of saliva
THERMAL REGULATION for the regulation
of body temperature
110
separated from the vestibule by alveolar bone and gingiva
Oral cavity proper
111
areas of the oral cavity such as hard palate and gingiva,
that are exposed to masticatory forces
masticatory mucosa
112
Covers the under surface of tongue, floor of mouth, inside of lips
& cheeks, alveolar processes and soft palate
Lining mucosa
113
Covers the dorsum of the tongue
Specialized mucosa
114
a slight whitish ridge occurs along
the buccal mucosa in the occlusal
plane of the teeth.
linea alba
115
appear as pale yellow spots
fordyce spots
116
present in the upper lip and
buccal mucosa in about three
quarters of adults and have
been described occasionally
in the alveolar mucosa and
dorsum of the tongue.
Sebaceous
glands in the
mucosa of the
cheek
117
lining of the oral epithelium
stratified squamous
118
maintains its structural integrity by a process of
continuous renewal
oral epithelium
119
protein aggregates keratin filaments, promoting the collapse and flattening
of keratinocytes.
corneocytes
120
protective layer of the oral epithelium
Cornifield cell envelope
121
Estimated turnover time of the skin
52 to 75 days
122
Estimated turnover time of the gut
4 to 14 days
123
Estimated turnover time of the gingiva
41 to 57 days
124
Estimated turnover time of the cheeks
25 days
125
4 layers of keratinization
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum
126
- the epithelial surface of the masticatory mucosa is inflexible
- resistant to abrasion
- tightly bound to lamina propria
keratinization
127
keratinization is also known as
Cornification
128
- a layer of cuboidal or columnar cells adjacent to the nasal lamina
- it is cuboidal or columnar cells containing bundles of tonofibrils and other cell organelles
Stratum basale
129
- it is located above the basal layer and these are rows of elliptical or spherical cells
-these are larger ovoid cells containing conspicuous tonofibrils; membrane-coating granules which appear in the upper part of this layer.
- prickle cell layer
Stratum spinosum
130
- insoluble on water and they promote cell dehydration
- this layer consists of larger flattened cells containing small granules that stain intensely with acid dyes such as hematoxylin
stratum granulosum
131
- composed of flat squamous cells that stain bright pink with the histologic dye eosin and does not contain any nuclei
- sometimes called cornified layer or horny layer
stratum corneum
132
lining of the oral cavity, which
is present on the lips, buccal
mucosa, alveolar mucosa,
soft palate, underside of the
tongue and the floor of the
mouth
non keratinization
133
layers of the non keratinization
Stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum intermedium
stratum superficiale
134
slightly flattened cells containing many
dispersed tonofilaments and glycogen
stratum intermedium
135
slightly flattened cells with dispersed
filaments and glycogen fewer organelles
are present but nuclei persist
stratum superficiale
136
Melanin is produced by specialized pigment cells, called
_____, situated in the basal layer of the oral epithelium.
melanocytes
137
Melanocytes arise embryologically from the neural crest ectoderm
and enter the epithelium at about ___ weeks of gestation.
11
138
The pigments that most commonly contributes are _____
melanin and hemoglobin.
139
Melanin is synthesized within the melanocytes as
small structures called ____ which are
transferred into the cytoplasm of adjacent
keratinocytes by the dendritic processes of
melanocytes.
melanosomes
140
The regions of the oral mucosa where melanin pigmentation is seen most
commonly at the
gingiva, buccal mucosa, hard palate, and tongue.
141
Langerhans cell is another dendritic
cell sometimes seen above the basal
layers of epidermis and oral
epithelium.
Langerhans cell
142
It is characterized ultrastructurally by
a small rod- or flask-shaped granule,
sometimes called the
Birbeck granule
143
Situated in the basal layer of the oral epithelium
and epidermis.
merkel cells
144
small membrane-bound vesicles in the
cytoplasm, sometimes situated adjacent to a
nerve fiber associated with the cell.
merkel cells
145
_____ often are associated with
Langerhans cells that produce cytokines such as
interleukin-1, that activates T lymphocytes so that
they are capable of responding to antigenic
challenge.
lymphocytes
146
connective tissue supporting the oral epithelium and consist of cell, blood
vessels, neural elements and fibers embedded in an amorphous ground substance.
Lamina propria
147
2 layers of Lamina propria
Superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer
148
- Resposible for the elaboration and
turnover of fiber and ground sunstance
- Plays a key role in maintaining tissue
connective integrity
- Have a low rate of proliferation in adult
oral mucosa except during wound
healing
fibroblast
149
the principal one being to ingest damaged
tissue or foreign material in phagocytic vacuoles
that fuse, intracytoplasmically, with lysosomes
and initiate breakdown of these materials.
macrophages
150
is common in pigmented oral
mucosa, is a cell that has ingested melanin
granules extruded from melanocytes within the
epithelium.
melanophage
151
is a cell that contains hemosiderin
derived from red blood cells that have been
extravasated into the tissues as a result of
mechanical injury.
siderophage
152
They play a role in maintaining
normal tissue stability and vascular homeostasis
mast cells
153
is known to be important in initiating the vascular phase of an inflammatory process
histamine
154
The intracellular matrix of the lamina propria consists of two major types of fiber:
collage, elastic fibers and ground substances
155
covers those areas of the oral cavity such as the hard palate and gingiva that
are exposed to compressive and shear forces and to abrasion during the
mastication of food.
masticatory mucosa
156
the masticatory mucosa covers what structures
immobile; palate and alveolar process
157
The oral mucosa that covers the underside of the tongue inside of the lips
cheeks, floor of the mouth, and alveolar processes as far as the gingiva is
subject to movement together with the soft palate.
lining mucosa
158
- flexible and able to withstand stretching
- The lamina propria is generally thicker than in masticatory mucosa and contains
fewer collagen fibers, which follow a more irregular course between anchoring
points
- the mucosa becomes slack during masticatory movements
- The alveolar mucosa and mucosa covering the floor of the mouth are attached
loosely to the underlying structures by a thick submucosa.
Lining mucosa
159
The anterior two-thirds of the tongue is called the body and is derived from the
first pharyngeal arch.
160
The posterior one-third of the tongue is called the base and is derived from the
third pharyngeal arch
161
The anterior portion of the tongue has two types of
papillae:
fungiform and filiform
162
are smooth, round structures that
appear red due to their highly vascular connective
tissue core visible through a thin, nonkeratinized
covering epithelium.
fungiform papillae
163
are cone-shaped structures that cover the entire
anterior part of the tongue.
filiform papillae
164
They consist of a core of connective tissue covered by a thick keratinized
epithelium.
Together, they form a tough, abrasive surface that helps compress and
break down food when the tongue is pressed against the hard palate.
Keratin buildup can result in elongation of this papillae giving the
tongue a hairy appearance known as "hairy tongue."
Filiform papillae
165
are leaf-like structures located
on the lateral margins of the posterior part of the tongue.
foliate paillae
166
consist of parallel ridges and
deep grooves in the mucosa.
Foliate papillae
167
The are located adjacent and
anterior to the sulcus terminalis and number between
8 to 12.
circumvallate papillae
168
They are large, walled structures surrounded by a
deep, circular groove which contains the ducts of
minor salivary glands.
The superior surface of the papillae is covered by a
keratinized epithelium, while the lateral walls have a
nonkeratinized epithelium containing taste buds.
Circumvallate papillae
169
The line separating the vermilion zone from the hair-bearing
skin of the lip is called the
vermilion border
170
This junction is identified clinically by a
slight indentation called the
______ and by the
change from the bright pink of the
alveolar mucosa to the paler pink of the
gingiva.
mucogingival groove
