Finals Flashcards by Josef Mikael Oclarit

Components of the renal system

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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Waste products excreted by the renal system

Urea
Uric acid
Bilirubin
Ammonia

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Functions of the renal system

Control plasma volume, acid base balance, and BP. Also produces Calcitriol

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Another name for Calcitriol

125 dihydroxycholecalciferol

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Stimulation of production of new RBC in the bone marrow

Erythropoietin

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When does RAAS activate?

during dehydration or bleeding

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Steps in RAAS

Decreased blood or BP
Release of renin (activation of angiotensinogen)
Angiotensin I is produced
Angiotensin I goes to lungs for ACE
Angiotensin II is produced
Vasoconstriction
Increased BP

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Vertebral level of the kidney

T12-L3

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Location of the kidney

Retroperitoneal

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Part of the kidney that maintains its shape

Renal capsule

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Part of the kidney that anchors the it to the abdominal wall

Renal fascia

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Functional unit of the kidneys

Nephrons

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part of the kidney that contains the glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule

Renal corpuscle

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part of the kidney containing the loop of henle

Renal tubules

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Sudden fall of kidneys 2 decrease in fatty tissue

Nephroptosis

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part of a nephron that lies in the renal cortex

Cortical nephron

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part of a nephron that lies in the renal medulla

Juxtamedullary nephron

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Function of nephrons

Glomerular filtration
Reabsorption of essential substances
Secretion of hydrogen ions, K, and certain drugs

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How much water is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

65%

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How much water is reabsorbed in the Thin DLoH?

10%

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state of luminal fuid in the PCT?

Concentrated

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Normal capacity of the urinary bladder

500 mL

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Max capacity of the urinary bladder

700-800 mL

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Innervation of the urinary bladder

S2, S3, S4

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The tubule that is most permeable to water?

PCT

Where is the most concentrated luminal fluid located?

Thin DLoH

In the presence of ADH, where is the most concentrated urine located?

Medullary Convoluted Tubule (MCT); MCT > CCT > DCT

How long is the ureter?

25-30 cm long

slow release of urine when at max capacity

dribbling

Responsible for color of urine

Urochrome

In the presence of ADH, where is the most diluted urine located?

ALoH

Aka Atonic bladder

Overflow incontinence

Incontinence caused by weak supporting structures

Stress incontinence

Aka overactive/neurogenic bladder

Urge incontinence

Divisions of the digestive system

Alimentary canal Accessory Digestive Organs

Lateral wall of the mouth

cheeks

anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

hard palate

posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

soft paate

aka Throat

Pharynx

region of the pharynx functioning for both respiration and digestion

laryngopharynx

regions of the pharynx

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Another name for swallowing

deglutition

Phases of deglutition

voluntary pharyngeal esophageal

what part of the pharyngeal phase of deglutition closes the respiratory tract?

soft palate

movements in the mouth during pharyngeal phase of deglutition

soft palate: superior larynx: forward and superior epiglottis: backward and inferior

what should be the status of pH in the lower esophageal sphincter?

basic

A condition wherein a person's lower esophageal sphincter is always closed

Achalasia

parts of the stomach

cardia: opening fundus: broad body: middle pylorus: terminal

2 tubular glands

gastric pyloric

gastric gland cell producing mucus

mucus neck cell

gastric gland producing pepsinogen

chief cell

how is pepsinogen activated?

through binding with HCl

gastric gland producing intrinsic factor

parietal cell

functions of parietal cell

produces intrinsic factor reabsorption of vit B12 in the Ileum produces HCl

normal production of gastric juice

2000-3000 mL

pyloric gland responsible for producing gastrin

G cell

what does gastrin do?

maturation, growth, and development of gastric gland

what inhibits gastrin effect?

somatostatin

how much chyme is released by the stomach into the small intestine at a time?

2-3 tsps

site for vit B12 absorption

Ileum

hormone that stimulates liver and pancreas

Secretin

hormone that stimulates gallbladder contractions

cholecystokinin

largest alimentary canal

large intestine

function of large intestine

haustral contraction

normal value of methane gas

500 mL/day

how long can stool in the intestines?

72 hours

another name for megacolon

Hirschprung dse

Responsible for the color of the stool

Stercobilin

normal production of saliva per day

1000-1500 mL/day

largest salivary gland

Parotid

location of parotid gland

inferior and anterior the ear

inflammation of the Parotid gland

Mumps

location of submandibular gland

beneath the base of the tongue

location of the sublingual gland

superior to the submandibular gland

number of deciduous teeth

20; 4 molar, 2 canine, 4 incisors on each side

number of permanent teeth

32; 4 premolar, 6 molar, 4 incisors, 2 canines

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

genioglossus styloglossus hyoglossus palatoglossus

action of genioglossus

draws tongue to one side

action of styloglossus

draws tongue upward and posteriorly

action of hyoglossus

depresses tongue

action of palatoglossus

elevates tongue

normal production of chyme

1200-1500 mL/day

where is the pancreas located?

Greater curvature of the stomach

Functional unit of the liver

Lobule

normal production of bile

800-1000 mL/day

location of gallbladder

inferior to the liver

Part of the enteric nervous system responsible for movement of the GIT

Myenteric (auerbach plexus)

Part of the enteric nervous system responsible for secretion and blood flow of GIT

Submucosa (meissner's plexus)

Reflex that signals the stomach to cause evacuation to the colon

Gastrocolic reflex

Reflex that signals the colon and small intestine to inhibit motility and secretion

Enterogastric reflex

Reflex that signals the colon to inhibit emptying of ileal contents into the ileum

Coloileal reflex

small sized sugar that can easily pass through the cell

Monosaccharide

a type of sugar that cannot penetrate cell membrane

Disaccharide and Polysaccharide

formula for sucrose

glucose + fructose

formula for maltose

glucose + glucose

formula for lactose

glucose + galactose

Examples of stach

root vegetables and grain products

What happens to starch when broken down?

becomes maltoise

where can glycogen be found?

animal tissue

organs found in the RUQ

R kidney Liver Gallbladder Head and neck of pancreas

organs found in the RLQ

Cecum Appendix Right ovary (f)

organs found in the LUQ

L kidney Stomach Spleen Body and tail of pancreas

organs found in the LLQ

Sigmoid colon L ovary (f)

backward movement of gastric components into the esophagus

Gastroesophageal Reflux Dse (GERD)

inflammation of the stomach mucosa

Gastritis

aka Big brain

Cerebrum

characteristics of the L hemisphere

Mathematical Analysis Analytical Logical Language

characteristics of R hemisphere

Memory and music Insight Creativity Arts

common S/Sx of L hemispheric lesion

Aphasia Apraxia emotional depressed slow and cautious disorganized

common S/Sx of R hemispheric lesion

visuospatial deficit neglect syndrome difficulty expressing negative emotion pseudoapraxia irritability agnosia

primary motor area and where is it found?

area 4; precentral gyrus

aka cerebral cortex

gray matter

fxn of the gray matter

process motor and sensory information and cognition

aka cerebra medulal

white matter

what does the white matter consist of?

myelinated axons and neuroglia connecting to the gray matter

fibers that connect regions of the 2 cerebral hemispheres

commissural fibers

largest commissural fiber

Corpus Callosum

a lesion of the commissural fibers result in

problems with bimanual tasks and imitation ideational apraxia

a type of apraxia wherein the pt is unable to do procedural task upon command

ideational

a type of apraxia wherein the pt is unable to perform the task initially

ideomotor

fibers that connect various cortical regions within the same hemisphere

association fibers

aka parietal operculum

Arcuate fasciculus

Connects the broca's and wernicke's areas

Arcuate fasciculus (parietal operculum)

Clinical manifestations when there is a lesion of the association fibers

Arcuate Repetition Problem/Conduction aphasia

fibesr that connect the cerebral cortex to the lower portion of the brain and SC

projection fibers

projection fibers that goes to the cortex

Corticopetal

projection fibers that goes away from the cortex

Corticofugal

large and myelinated extrafusal fibers

Alpha

NCV of alpha fibers

120 m/s

large and myelinated fibers responsible for touch, pressure, and vibration

Beta fibers

NCV of beta fibers

70 m/s

large and myelinated intrafusal fibers

Gamma fibers

NCV of gamma fibers

40 m/s

small and myelinated fibers responsible for fast pain and temp

Delta fibers

NCV of delta fibers

15 m/s

small and myelinated fibers that is preganglionic

B fibers

NCV of B fibers

14 m/s

small and unmyelinated fibers that is postganglionic and responsible for slow pain and temp

C fibers

NCV of C fibers

2-3 m/s

Layers of the cerebral cortex

Molecular External granular External pyramidal Internal granular Internal pyramidal Fusiform

What does the inner pyramidal layer contain?

Betz cells

What originates in the internal pyramidal layer?

Corticospinal tract

function of the limbic system

memory emotion arousal

function of the parahippocampus

memory retrieval

What does lesion of the uncus result to?

Olfactory hallucination

Function of the cingulate gyrus

emotion and behavior

function of the hippocampus

integrates short term memory into long term memory

functions of the amygdala

Sexual desire fear

A lesion of the amygdala results into what syndrome?

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

Areas in the pre-frontal cortex

9 10 11 12

Broca's area

44 45

frontal eye field areas

6 8 9

primary somatosthetic area

3 1 2

somesthetic association area

5 7

angular gyrus

supramarginal gyrus

gustatory area

primary visual area

visual association area

18 19

primary auditory area

41 42

auditory association area

22 24

olfactory area

34 28

location of the primary auditory area

superior marginal gyrus

Caudate nucleus + putamen

neostriatum

Putamen + globus pallidus

lentiform nucleus

Caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus

Corpus striatum

blood supply of caudate nucleus

lenticulostriate aa (terminal branch of MCA)

blood supply of putamen

lenticulostriate artery

blood supply of Globus Pallidus

recurrent artery of Heubner

hypokinetic movement disorders

parkinson's disease

Classic tetralogy of PD

Bradykinesia Rigidity Postural instability Tremors

blood supply of Subthalamic nucleus

PCA

blood supply of the neostriatum

lenticulostriate artery

excitatory neurotransmitters

Ach Glutamate Epi and Norepinephrine

inhibitory neurotransmitters

GABA Glycine Serotonin DOpamine

blood supply of the diencephalon

PCA

only excitatory projection of the basal ganglia

Subthalamus

function of the subthalamus

releases glutamate

location of the hypothalamus

Sella Turcica

functions of the hypothalamus

regulates body temp regulates pituitary gland

center for integration of olfactory, somatic, et. Visceral afferent pathways

Habenular nucleus

gland that produces Melatonin

pineal gland

Sensory relay station of the brain

Thalamus

Where does visual sensation pass in the Thalamus?

lateral geniculate body

Where does auditory sensation pass in the Thalamus?

media geniculate body

hunger and thirst center of the thalamus

lateral nucleus

satiety center of the thalamus

ventromedial nucleus

What controls our circadian rhythm?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A lesion in the thalamus results in

Thalamic pain syndrome/Dejerine Roussy syndrome/Central post-stroke syndrome

roof of the midbrain

tectum

floor of the midbrain

tegmentum

Lesion in the tectospinal tract results in

Parinaud's syndrome; impairment of upward gaze

Anterior portion of the midbrain

Basis/Crus Cerebri

What can be found in the basis of the midbrain?

Corticospinal tract Substantia Nigra

A lesion of the Tegmentum results in

Benedikt syndrome

What can be found in the tegmentum?

red nucleus

function of the red nucleus

motor coordination

what tract originates at the red nucleus?

rubrospinal tract

function of rubrospinal tract

facilitates flexor muscles of UE and inhibits extensor muscles of UE

decorticate posture

UE flex LE ext

decerebrate posture

UE ext LE flex

where is the lesion when the pt is decorticate?

above midbrain

where is the lesion when the pt is decerebrate?

midbrain

decorticate GCS

decerebrate GCS

controls rate and depth of respiration

Pneumotaxic center

Location of pneumotaxic center

Upper pons

location of apneustic center

Lower pons

function of the apneustic center

promotes inspiration

Function of the vasomotor center

Regulate BP

location of the vasomotor center

pons and medulla

Anterior lobe of the cerebellum

Paleocerebellum/Spinocerebellum

Function of paleocerebellum

Maintains posture and ms tone

Lesion of the paleocerebellum results in

hypotonia asthenia

Flocolonodular lobe of the cerebellum

Archicerebellum

Function of the archicerebellum

maintains balance

Lesion of the archicerebellum results in

nystagmus gait ataxia

Posterior lobe of the cerebellum

Neocerebeullum

Function of the neocerebellum

responsible for fine motor movements and coordination

Lesion of the neocerebellum results in

Dysmetria Dyssynergia Dysdiadochokinesia asynergia Intention tremor

Function of the dorsal respiratory group

Inspiration and rhythm

Location of the Dorsal Respiratory Group

Posterior medulla

Function of the ventral respiratory group

both inspiration and expiration

location of the ventral respiratory group

anterior medulla

Vomiting center

Emetic center

1st and tiny branch of the ICA

Opthalmic artery

lesion of the ophthalmic artery results in

Monocular blindness/Amaurosis Fugax

arteries involved in watershed stroke and asymptomatic stroke

ACA MCA

What artery is affected when there is amaurosis fugax + presence of C/L hemiplegia/anesthesia?

ICA

What does the ACA supply?

medial frontal and parietal lobes

largest and terminal branch of ICA

MCA

What does the MCA supply?

Lateral frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe

Terminal branch of ACA

recurrent artery of Heubner

What does the medial striate artery supply?

Globus Pallidus Anterior limb of internal capsule

A lesion of the anterior limb of the internal capsule results in

Dysarthria-Clumsy Hand Syndrome

Terminal branch of MCA

Lenticulostriate artery

Lateral striate artery supplies the

Neostriatum Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule

A lesion of the posterior limb of the internal capsule results in

Pure motor stroke

A branch of the vertebra artery supplying the lateral medulla and cerebellum

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

a lesion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery results in

PICA syndrome/Wallenberg syndrome/Lateral medullary syndrome

1st branch of the basilar artery

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

What does the AICA supply

Pons and cerebellum

A lesion of the AICA results in

AICA syndrome

Artery supplying the midbrain and cerebellum

Superior Cerebellar Artery

Artery supplying the inner ear

Internal auditory artery

Terminal branch of the basilar artery

PCA

What does the PCA supply?

medial and inferior temporal lobe medial, lateral, and inferior occipital lobe

Lesion of the PCA results in

memory problem visual problems Dejerine Roussy Syndrome

A lesion in the midbrain results in

CN III and IV palsy

Components of the circle of wilis

ACOMM ACA ICA PCOMM PCA

How many pairs of spinal root are there?

hormones released by the SNS

adrenergic (epi/nore)

hormones released by parasympathetic nervous system

Cholinergic (Ach)

What CN supplies the heart and GIT?

What CN supplies the parotid gland?

What CN supplies the sublingual and submandibular gland?

VII

A condition wherein pupils are bilaterally unequal

Aniscoria

What CN is affected when a pt has aniscoria?

III

A lesion of T1 spinal nerve results in

Horner's syndrome

Horner's Triad

Ptosis Miosis Anhidrosis Enopthalmos

tip of spinal cord

L1-L2

C2 dermatome

Occiput

C3 dermatome

supraclavicular fossa

C5 dermatome

lateral antecubital fossa

C6 dermatome

thumb

C7 dermatome

mid finger

C8 dermatome

little finger

T1 dermatome

Medial antecubital fossa

T2 dermatome

apex of axilla

T4 dermatome

nipple line

T6 dermatome

Xiphoid process

T10 dermatome

umbilicus

T12 dermatome

inguinal ligament

L1 dermatome

below inguinal ligament

L2 dermatome

ant thigh

L3 dermatome

medial knee pain

L4 dermatome

medial malleolus

L5 dermatome

dorsum of the foot; 3rd MTP

S1 dermatome

lateral heel

S2 dermatome

popliteal fossa

S3 dermatome

Ischial tuberosity

S4-S5 dermatome

perineal area

C1 myotome

neck flex

C2 myotome

neck ext

C3 myotome

neck lateral flex

C4 myotome

shrug

C5 myotome

shoulder abd

C6 myotome

elbow flex + wrist extension

C7 myotome

elbow ext + wrist flex

C8 myotome

finger flex

T1 myotome

finger abd

L2 myotome

hip flex

L3 myotome

knee ext

L4 myotome

ankle DF

L5 myotome

big toe ext

S1 myotome

ankle PF

S2 myotome

knee flexion

Exit point of olfactory nerve

cribriform plate

Exit point of optic nerve

optic canal

Exit point of occulomotor nerve

Superior orbital fissure

Exit point of trochlear nerve

superior orbital fissure

Exit point of the Opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

superior orbital fissure

Exit point of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

foramen rotundum

Exit point of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

foramen ovale

Exit point of facial nerve

internal auditory meatus

Exit point of the vestibulocochlear nerve

internal auditory meatus

Exit point of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Jugular foramen

Exit point of the vagus nerve

jugular foramen

Exit point of the accessory nerve

jugular foramen

Exit point of the hypoglossal nerve

hypoglossal canal

where is CN I located?

telencephalon

where is CN II located?

diencephalon

where are CN II and III located?

midbrain

where are CN V, VI, VII, VIII located?

pons

where are CN VII, VIII, IX, XI, and XII located?

medulla oblongata

sensory CNs

1 2 8

mixed CNs

10 9 7 5

motor CNs

3 4 6 11 12

largest CN

CN 5

longest CN

CN X

longest intracranial CN

CN IV

Shortest CN

CN1

stupid CN

CN 4

lesion of CN III results in

Weber and Benedikt syndrome

absence of CN VII bilaterally

Mobius syndrome

lesion of the CN V results in

Tic Doloreaux/Trigeminal Neuralgia

lesion of the CN VIII results in

Meniere's disease

CN for anterior 2/3 of the tongue

CN 7

CN for posterior 1/3 of the tongue

CN 9

Chifed producer of CSF

choroid plexus

normal amount of CSF production

500 mL/day

Finals Flashcards

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