Prelims Flashcards by Josef Mikael Oclarit

How much in percentage does the integumentary system make up our body weight?

15-20%

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Functions of the integumentary system

Protection
Insulation
Receptors
Aids in Homeostasis
Thermoregulation
Elimination of waste
Synthesis of Vit. D
Oil Production
Cosmesis

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Layers of the skin

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

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Water-proof layer of the epidermis that protects the skin against infection

Corneum

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Layers of the epidermis

Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

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Layer of the epidermis that resists pressure

Lucidum

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Where can stratum lucidum be found in the body?

Palms of the hands
Soles of the feet

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Layer of the epidermis that functions for water retention

Granulosum

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Layer of the epidermis functions for heat regulation

Spinosum

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Layer of the epidermis that contains melanocytes

Basale

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Another name for stratum basale

Germinativum

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Another name for dermis

Corium

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How thick is the dermis?

20-30x thicker than the epidermis

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What proteins does the dermis contain?

Elastin
Collagen

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Normal response to skin turgor

< 5 secs rebound

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What structures does the dermis contain?

Receptors
Blood vessels

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What are the receptors found in the dermis?

Free-nerve endings
Merkel’s disc
Meissner’s corpuscle
Krause-end bulb
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscle

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Another name for the subcutaneous layer

Hypodermis

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What does the subcutaneous layer contain?

Fats
Lose connective tissue

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Functions of the subcutaneous layer

Support
Insulation
Cushion
Storage of energy

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Course and thick hair

Terminal

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Fine and short hair

Vellus

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Where can terminal hair be found?

Scalp, eyelash, eyebrows, pubic hair

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Where can vellus hair be found?

Arm, chest, cheeks

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What disease is clubbing of nails indicative of?

Respiratory problem (COPD)

What disease is spoon nails indicative of?

Fungal infection

What disease is white spots in nails indicative of?

Trauma

Another name for sweat glands

Sudoriferous glands

Two types of sweat glands

Eccrine Apocrine

Function of eccrine glands

Thermoregulation

When is apocrine gland activated?

Emotional stress

Where can apocrine glands be found?

Axilla Genitals Beard

Glands that secrete sebum/oil

Sebaceous glands

Muscle responsible for goosebumps

Arrector Pili muscle

Another term for goosebumps

Piloerection

Types of dermatitis

Contact Actinic Atopic

Causes of contact dermatitis

Fake jewelries (nickel) Chromate Wool fats Rubber additive Topical antibiotics

Cause of actinic dermatitis

Sun exposure

S/Sx of acute dermatitis

Redness Crusting rash Oozing

S/Sx of subacute dermatitis

Skin erythema Scaling Scattered plaques

S/Sx of chronic dermatitis

Thickened skin Increased skin markings Post inflammation pigementation

Skin conditions caused by bacterial infection

Impetigo Cellulitis Abscess

Bacterial cause of impetigo and cellulitis

Staphylococcus Streptococcus

Bacterial cause of abscess

Staphylococcus

Management for impetigo

Antibacterials

Management for cellulitis

Oral or topical anitbiotic

Management for abscess

Incision and drainage

Another name for Herpes I

Herpes Simplex

How can Herpes I be transmitted?

saliva kissing

S/Sx of Herpes I

elevated blisters < 1mm

How can Herpes 2 be transmitted?

Sexual intercourse

What virus is reactivated in Herpes Zoster?

Varicella Zoster

What CN is affected in herpes zoster?

CN III

Another name for warts

Verrucae

What causes warts?

Human Papilloma Virus

Ringworm found in the scalp

Tinea capitis

Ringworm found in the beard

Tinea barbae

Ringworm found in the body

Tinea corporis

Ringworm found in the nail

Tinea ungium

Jock itch

Tinea cruris

Athlete's foot

Tinea pedis

Parasite that causes scabies

Sarcoptes scabiei

Parasitic infection caused by lice

Pediculosis

Sausage fingers

Dactylitis

S/Sx of psoriasis

Auspitz sign Erythematous plaques with silvery scales

Skin lesions with proximal muscle atrophy

Polymyositis

A disc shape form of lesion aggravated by sun exposure

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

A type of lupus wherein all systems are affected and young women are commonly affected

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

S/Sx of Lupus

Butterfly rash Anemia Fatigue/Malaise Arthritis Raynaud's

Progressive systemic sclerosis

Scleroderma

CREST syndrome

Calcinosis Raynaud's phenomenon Esophageal dysfunction Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia

Skin color indicative of carbon monoxide poisoning

Cherry red

Skin color indicative of liver problem

Jaundice

Skin color indicative of venous insufficiency

Brown

A condition triggered by exercises, heat, and fever

Hydrosis

S/Sx of Hydrosis

Perfused sweating Anhidrosis Coldsweats Xeroderma

S/Sx of Hypothyroidism

Weight gain Alopecia Cold intolerance Muscle weakness

S/Sx of hyperthyroidism

Weight loss diarrhea Exophthalmos Tachycardia

Granulation of venous ulcer

Bright red

Granulation of arterial ulcer

Pale red

Drainage volume of arterial ulcer

Minimal

Drainage volume of venous ulcer

Moderate to heavy

Location of venous ulcer

Medial malleolus

Location of arterial ulcer

Lateral malleolus

Pain-free position of arterial ulcers

Dependency

Pain-free position of venous ulcers

Elevation

In what type of ulcer is hemosiderin staining present in?

Venous

In what type of ulcer is pedal pulse weak?

Arterial

Where can diabetic ulcers be found?

Lateral malleolus Plantar aspect of MTT head

Best gait pattern for pts with diabetic neuropathy

3-point gait

Stage of presure ulcer where only the epidermis is affected and there non-blanchable erythema

Stage I

Stage of presure ulcer where dermis is also affected and there is partial thickness loss and a presence of a shallow crater

Stage II

Stage of presure ulcer where the subcutaneous tissue is affected and there's a presence of a deep crater

Stage III

Stage of pressure ulcer where muscle and bones are already exposed

Stage IV

A warty spot caused by proliferation of basal cells resulting in a raised lesion

Seborrheic keratosis

A scaly skin condition caused by proliferation of squamous cells

Actinic keratosis

A skin condition caused by proliferation of melanocytes

Common mole

Another name for common mole

Benign nevus

A type of skin cancer that is slow-growing, ivory in appearance, and caused by sun-exposure

Basal cell carcinoma

A type of skin cancer that is fast-growing, has a poorly-definer border, and caused by sun exposure

Squamous cell carcinoma

A tumor arising from melanocyte

Malignant melanoma

Size of malignant melanoma

> 6mm

ABCDE of melanoma

Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Evolving

Basic unit of life

Cell

Functions of cell

Transport, diffuse, osmosis Cellular communication Energy production

Solid part of the cell

Organelles

Liquid part of the cells

Cytoplasm

Negative ions

Anion

Positive ions

Cation

Notable cations

Sodium Potassium Calcium

Notable anions

Magnesium Proteins

A condition wherein there is increased sodium in blood

Hypernatremia

Risk factors of hypernatremia include

DM Increased aldosterone Water loss

S/Sx of hypernatremia

Fever Dehydration Ms twitching Restlessness

A condition wherein there is decreased sodium in blood

Hyponatremia

Risk factors of hyponatremia include

Diarrhea Vomitting

S/Sx of hyponatremia

Seizure

A condition wherein there is increased potassium in blood

Hyperkalemia

S/Sx of hyperkalemia

Ms paralysis Decreased ms tone Cardiac dysfunction

A condition wherein there is decreased potassium in blood

Hypokalemia

Risk factors of hypokalemia include

Excessive intake of carbs Excessive alcohol intake Diarrhea Vomiting Perfused sweating

S/Sx of Hypokalemia

Skeletal ms weakness Ventricular arrythmia

A condition wherein there is increased calcium in blood

Hypercalcemia

Risk factors for hypercalcemia include

Hyperparathyroidism Cancer

S/Sx of hypercalcemia

Osteoporosis Fractures

A condition wherein there is decreased calcium in blood

Hypocalcemia

Risk factors for hypocalcemia include

Multiple blood transfusions

S/Sx of hypocalcemia

Cardiac arrest

Powerhouse of the cell and responsible for ATP synthesis

Mitochondria

Lipid bilayer of the cell

Cell membrane

Organelle that contains our DNA

nucleus

Organelle that contains our RNA

Nucleolus

It is where ribosomes are found

Rough ER

Organelle where lipid synthesis occurs

Smooth ER

Organelle that sorts and transports proteins to targeted destinations

Golgi apparatus

Organelle that digests and recycles cellular materials

Lysosome

Organelle that breaks down free radicals

Peroxisomes

Stages of mitosis

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Preparatory phase of mitosis wherein chromatids condenses into visible chromosomes

Prophase

Phase of mitosis wherein the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell

Metaphase

Phase of mitosis wherein the sister chromatids are pulled apart or separated

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis wherein there is formation of two daughter cells

Telophase

Transport mechanism that moves molecules from higher to lower concentration grade

Diffusion

Transport mechanism that diffuses water through a semi-permeable membrane

Osmosis

Subtypes of passive transport

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

Another name for diffusion

Downhill transport

Differentiate simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Simple: moves through phospholipid bilayer Facilitated: moves through membrane via specific transport/carrier proteins

What molecules go through simple diffusion?

Small, non-polar molecules like oxygen, CO2, Methane

What molecules go through facilitated diffusion?

Large, polar molecules like glucose, ions, carbon monoxide

Type of transport mechanism that goes from low to high concentration grade

Active transport

Another name for Active transport

Uphill transport

A subtype of active transport that uses ATP to go against concentration grade

Primary AT

A subtype of active transport that uses energy stored in cell to go against concentration grade

Secondary AT

Example of primary AT

Na-K pump

Factors that increase diffusion rate

Increased temperature Small molecular size Increased partition coefficient

Star-shaped cells in neurons that provide structural support

Astrocytes

These cells serve as the myelin sheath of the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

These cells serve as the myelin sheath of the PNS

Schwann's cell

These cells line the choroid plexus

Ependymal cells

These cells serve as protection of the neurons

Microglia

Resting membrane potential of the nerve

-70 mV

Resting membrane potential of muscles and heart

-90 mV

Rapid changes within a cell

Action potential

Charge during resting membrane potential (RMP)

negative (-)

Charge during depolarization

positive (+)

Charge during repolarization

positive (+)

Molecule movement during RMP

no movement

Molecule movement during depolarization

Na+ influx

Molecule movement during repolarization

K+ efflux

Principles of action potentials

All or none Saltatory conduction Absolute Refractory period Relative Refractory period

A condition affecting the NMJ that has a post-synaptic affectation

Myasthenia gravis

A condition affecting the NMJ that has a pre-synaptic affectation

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia Gravis (LEMS)

Among the three types of muscles, which is striated and which is non-striated?

Striated: skeletal and cardiac Non-striated: smooth

Location of ions during RMP

Potassium in Sodium out

Location of ions during depolarization

Potassium in Sodium in

Location of ions during repolarization

Potassium out Sodium in

Steps of muscular contraction in cellular level

1. AP travels to post-synaptic terminals 2. Release of Ca+ at sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Ca+ binds c troponin 4. Active sites of actin are uncovered by tropomyosin 5. Attraction of actin and myosin 6. Cross-bridge formation 7. ATPase activation 8. Power stroke 9. Sliding filament theory

removal of necrotic tissue

debridement

Types of debridement

Autolytic Enzymatic Mechanical

A type of debridement where pt's own skin is used

Autolytic

A type of debridement where liquified necrotic tissue is removed

Enyzmatic

A type of debridement where the PT will manually and mechanically remove the necrotic tissue

Mechanical

the process of reviving viable cell

Reepithilialization

A type of debridement that is non-selective

Surgical

A type of debridement that is selective

Sharp

First best choice solution used in whirlpool

Normal Saline Solution (NSS)

How many grams of salt does NSS contain?

0.9 grams

A solution used when there is infection

Povidone Iodine

A cost-effective solution that is the 2nd-best choice

Sodium Hypochlorite

Disadvantages of using sodium hypochlorite

can cause irritation highly corrosive

A painful solution that has minimal irrigation and is the 3rd-best choice

Hydrogen peroxide

Conditions on storing hydrogen peroxide

dark and cold

Commonly used on pts with AIDS/HIV

Dakin's solution

Types of dressing applied on dry wounds

hydrogel wet-to-wet

Dressings applied on wounds with minimal to moderate drainage

wet-to-dry hydrocolloid

dressing applied on wounds with moderate to heavy drainage

Calcium Alginate Semi-permeable foam Iodosorb Dry-to-dry

Types of drainage indicating that a wound is healthy

Serous Sanguinous Serosanguinous

A type of drainage that is clear, transparent, and white

Serous

A type of drainage that is red

Sanguinous

A type of drainage that is pinkish

Serosanguinous

Types of drainage indicating that a wound is infected

Purulent Seropurulent

A type of drainage that is green or opaque in color

Purulent

A type of drainage that is yellow in color

Seropurulent

An example of a mechanical burn

Friction burn

Stages of freezing

intense cold intense burning intense aching intense numbing

A type of electrical burn wherein there is a small entry point and large exit point resulting in extensive internal damage

Iceberg

A type of electrical burn ranging from 500 to 1000 volts

Low voltage

A type of electrical burn ranging from >1000 volts

high voltage

A type of electrical burn ranging from 110-220 volts

home injuries

A zone in a burn wound with minimal cell damage

Hyperremia

A zone in a burn wound with reversible damage if treated within 1-2 days

Stasis

A zone in a burn wound with irreversible damage and skin death occurs

Coagulation

What is the intervention for zone of coagulation

Skin grafts

1st degree burn

Epidermal/superficial burn

Example of a 1st degree burn

Sunburn

2nd degree burn

Superficial partial thickness burn Deep partial thickness burn

Clinical presentations of a superficial partial thickness burn

intact blisters bright red moderate edema most painful

Clinical presentations of a deep partial thickness burn

broken blisters waxy white/red in color little to no pain marked edema

A type of burn wherein the epidermis and most of the dermis is damaged

deep partial thickness burn

Most painful type of burn

superficial partial thickness burn

3rd degree burn

Full thickness burn

What is the distinguishing feature of a 3rd degree burn?

Eschar formation

4th degree burn

Subdermal burn

A type of burn that reaches the muscles and bones

Subdermal burn

Complications of burn

Infection Shock Pulmonary complication Cardiac and circulatory complication Integumentary scars and contracture

Common neck deformity caused by burns

Flexion

Common shoulder deformity caused by burns

Adduction and IR

How do you stretch shoulder deformity caused by burns?

Abduction 90 deg, ER, slight flex

Common elbow deformity caused by burns

Flex and pronation

Orthosis used for neck deformity caused by burns

Cervical/soft collar

Orthosis used for shoulder deformity caused by burns

airplane splint

Orthosis used for elbow deformity caused by burns

Elbow splint

How do you stretch an elbow deformity caused by burns

Ext and supination

Common hand deformity caused by burns

Claw hand with intrinsic minus

How do you stretch hand deformity caused by burns?

Intrinsic plus (wrist-ext 15-20 deg, MCP flex 70 deg, thumb ext slight Abd)

Orthosis used for hand deformity caused by burns

Resting hand splint

Common hip deformity caused by burns

Flex, Adduct, IR

How do you stretch hip deformity caused by burns

Ext, Abduct, ER

Orthosis used for hip deformity caused by burns

Posterior hip splint

Common knee deformity caused by burns

Flex

Orthosis used for knee deformity caused by burn

Posterior knee splint

Common ankle deformity caused by burn

Orthosis used for ankle deformity caused by burn

AFO

Functions of the skeletal system

Provides structure Protects organ Movement Hematopoiesis

Examples of irregular bones

Patella Vertebra

Examples of flat bones

Scapula Pelvis

Anatomical position

Standing erect Head at midline Arms at rest; slight abd (approx 45 deg) Feet apart Toes extended

Another name for frontal plane

XY plane Coronal plane

In what axis does the frontal plane move around?

Z axis

Another name for sagittal plane

YZ plane

In what axis does the sagittal plane move around?

X axis

Another name for transverse plane

Horizontal plane XZ plane

In what axis does the transverse plane move around?

Y axis

A type of joint that moves in 1 plane and 1 axis

Uniaxial joint

Example of a uniaxial joint

Hinge Plane

A type of joint that moves in 2 planes and 2 axis

biaxial joint

Examples of biaxial joint

Condyloid Saddle/Sellar Ellipsoid Modified hinge

A type of joint that moves in 3 planes and 3 axis

Multiaxial

Example of a multiaxial joint

Ball and socket

COG of the head

Sphenoid sinus

COG of the neck

basioccipital

COG of the trunk

ant to T11

COG of the UE

just above the elbow

COG of the arm

medial head of triceps

COG of the FA

pronator teres

COG of the hand

3rd MCP

COG of the LE

just above the knee jt

COG of the thigh

adductor brevis

COG of the leg

popliteus

COG of the foot

2nd MTP

Line of gravity

Through odontoid Ant to AO jt Through cervical Ant to thoracic Through lumbar Post hip Ant knee Ant ankle

A type of COG that returns to starting point if the body is displaced

stable

A type of COG that assumes a new position when displaced

Unstable

A type of COG wherein the body continuous to move despite being displaced or not

neutral

cells the builds up bones

osteoblast

cells that breakdown bones

osteoclast

cells maintains the mineral content of the bones

osteocytes

Another name for the haversian system

Osteon

Another name for haversian canal

central canal

Function of the haversian canal

runs through the middle of each osteon

What structures can be found in the haversian canal?

blood vessels nerves lymphatic vessels

Small spaces between lamellae that are for housing osteocytes

Lacunae

Functions for the strength and resilience of the haversian system

Lamellae

These are tiny canals in the haversian system that connects the lacunae; also allows for nutrient and waste exchange

Canaliculi

These are horizontal channels that connect adjacent haversian canals and link them to the bone's surface and marrow activity

Volkmann's canals

A type of bone that is tightly composed of osteon and is heavy and tough

Compact bones

function of compact bones

Provides structure

A type of bone that lacks osteon

Spongy bone

function of spongy bone

receives shock to distribute weight or stress

Functional classifications of joint

Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses

A type of joint that has little to no movement

Synarthroses

A type of joint that has slight movement

Amphiarthroses

A type of joint that is movable

Diarthroses

A structural classification of joint that has little to no movement and is a dense, connective tissue

Fibrous

A structural classification of joint that is either made up of hyaline or fibrocast and is connected by cartilage; it permits limited movement

Cartilaginous jt

A structural classification of joint that allows free movement

Synovial

It is the maximal lengthening of a muscle

Passive insufficiency

It is the maximal shortening of a muscle

Active insufficiency

A position wherein the joints are incongruent and ligaments are lax

OPP

OPP of GH jt

55 deg Abd 30 deg horizontal adduction

OPP of HU jt

70 deg flex 10 deg supination

OPP of PRU jt

70 deg flex 35 deg supination

OPP of DRU jt

10 deg supination

OPP of Hip jt

30 deg flex 30 deg abd slight ER

OPP of knee jt

25 deg flex

OPP of ankle jt

10 def PF

OPP of wrist

slight ulnar deviation

OPP of spine

neutral

OPP of IP and MCP

slight flex

CPP of TMJ

clenched teeth

CPP of spine

full ext

CPP of HU jt

full ext

CPP of PRU and DRU jt

5 deg supination

CPP of wrist joint

ext radial deviation

CPP of GH jt

Abd ER

CPP of hip jt

Ext Abd IR

CPP of HR jt

90 deg flex 5 deg supinate

CPP of IP and MCP jt

full ext

A type of muscle fiber used for endurance

Slow twitch (Type 1)

Another name for Type 2A muscle fiber

Fast oxidative-glycolytic

Another name for Type 2B muscle fiber

Fast-glycolytic

Type of muscle fiber used for short burst activities

Type 2B

positioning in 1st class lever

WFE

positioning in 2nd class lever

FWE

positioning in 3rd class lever

FEW

function of 1st class levers

stability and balance

example of 1st class levers

AO jt

function of 2nd class levers

for power

example of 2nd class levers

ankle jt PF

function of 3rd class levers

for speed

example of 3rd class levers

elbow joint flexion

functions of the back and spine

Supports head Important attachments of ms and ligs Rib attachment Encloses and protects SC Mobility and flexibility Ability to transmit wt of head to body and LE

Normal vertebral column length for males

72 cm

Normal vertebral column length for females

62-65 cm

Primary curve of the spine

thoracic kyphosis

Secondary curve of the spine

lumbar lordosis

how many vertebrae does an infant have?

how many vertebrae does an adult have?

Typical vertebrae

C3-C6 T5-T8 L1-L4

why is C1 an atypical vertebra?

(-) body (-) spinous process

why is C2 an atypical vertebra?

(+) odontoid process (dens)

why is C7 an atypical vertebra?

non-bifid, long spinous process

why is T1 an atypical vertebra?

horizontal spinous process

why is T2-T4 and T9 an atypical vertebra?

(+) tubercles

why is T10 an atypical vertebra?

(+) tubercles (+) 1 costal facet at lateral edge of vertebral body instead of usual 2 demifacets

why is T11-T12 an atypical vertebra?

(+) tubercles (-) costal facets

why is L5 an atypical vertebra?

stout spinous process

size and shape of the vertebral body of cervical vertebrae

small and circular

size and shape of the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae

medium-sized and heart-shaped

size and shape of the vertebral body of lumbar vertebrae

large and kidney-shaped

spinous process of cervical vertebrae

short and bifid

spinous process of thoracic vertebrae

long and inclined

spinous process of lumbar vertebrae

short, flat, broad, and thick

Transverse process in cervical vertebrae

(+) transverse foramen

Transverse process in thoracic vertebrae

(+) costal facets

Transverse process in lumbar vertebrae

cone-shaped

Size and shape of spinal canal in cervical vertebrae

largest and triangular

Size and shape of spinal canal in thoracic vertebrae

smaller and circular

Size and shape of spinal canal in lumbar vertebrae

triangular

Facet joints in cervical vertebrae

Back and up

Facet joints in thoracic vertebrae

Back and out

Facet joints in lumbar vertebrae

Angle of facet joints in cervical vertebrae

45 deg

Angle of facet joints in thoracic vertebrae

60 deg

Angle of facet joints in lumbar vertebrae

90 deg

how much weight can the IVD carry?

up to 450 lbs

how much of the length of the vertebral column does the IVD make up for?

25%

inner part of the IVD

nucleus pulposus

composition of the nucleus pulposus

80-90% water collagen proteoglycan

How much load does the nucleus pulposus carry?

1.5 of the load

How much load does the annulus fibrosus carry?

0.5 of the load

outer portion of the IVD

annulus fibrosus

collagenous connective tissue that anchors muscles and ligaments to the bone

Sharpey's fiber

Mechanical property of the annulus fibrosus that stretches in response to pressure

Hoop stretch

Classification of causes of back pain

Viscerogenic Vasculogenic Psychogenic Neurogenic Spondylogenic

OA of the spine

Spondylosis

Bamboo spine

Ankylosing spondylosis

Forward slippage of the vertebra over another; scotty dog decapitated

Spondylolisthesis

Stress fracture or defect in the pars interarticularis

Spondylolysis

Backward slippage of the vertebra over another vertebra

Retrolisthesis

Structures found in the transverse foramen

Vertebral artery and vein Sympathetic nerves

Spondylolisthesis grading with < 25% slippage

Grade I; mild

Spondylolisthesis grading with 25-50% slippage

Grade II; moderate

Spondylolisthesis grading with 51-75% slippage

Grade III; severe

Spondylolisthesis grading with 76-100% slippage

Grade IV; very severe

Spondylolisthesis grading with > 100% slippage

Spondyloptosis

A type of disc herniation wherein the disc protrudes outward but the annulus fibrosus is intact

Bulging

A type of disc herniation wherein nucleus pulposus bulges and created localized protrustion

Protrusion

A type of disc herniation wherein the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus

Extrusion

A type of disc herniation wherein the nucleus pulposus breaks free from the annulus fibrosus

Sequestration

Biomechanics of the spine during flexion

Vert body: approximate Spinous process: separate IVD: flat ant, pushed post Facet jt: open ant-sup and closed post-inf Foramen: open

Biomechanics of the spine during ext

Vert body: separate Spinous process: approximate IVD: flat post, pushed ant Facet jt: closed ant-sup and open post-inf Foramen: closed

Biomechanics of the spine during lateral flex

Vert body: approx I/L and vice versa Spinous process: rotates L/R IVD: flattens I/L and pushed C/L Facet jt: closes I/L and opens C/L Foramen: closes I/L and opens C/L

Biomechanics of the spine during rotation

Vert body: rotates I/L Spinous process: rotates C/L IVD: at its weakest position Facet jt: closes I/L and opens C/L Foramen: closes I/L and opens C/L

Intersegmental ligaments of the spine

ALL PLL Supraspinous lig

Intrasegmental ligaments of the spine

Lig. nuchae Lig. flavum Interspinous lig Intertransverse lig.

Motions limited by the intertransverse ligament

excessive lateral flex and rotation

Motions limited by the interspinous ligament

excessive flexion

Superficial muscles of the back

Trapezius Rhomboids Levator scapulae Latissimus dorsi

Intermediate muscles of the back

Serratus posterior inferior and superior

In what phases of breathing are the serratus posterior inferior and superior used?

Inferior: forced expiration Superior: forced inhalation

bandage muscle

Splenius capitis and cervicis

Deep muscles of the back

Splenius Erector spinae Transversospinalis Intrerspinalis Intertransversarii Levatores costarum Suboccipital muscles

Oblique muscle

Transversospinalis

Muscles of the erector spinae from lateral to medial

Iliocostalis Longgisimus Spinalis

Muscles of transversospinalis

Semispinalis Multifidus Rotatores

corset muscle

Transversus abdominis

What muscles of the obliques moves or contracts during R rotation?

R internal obliques L external obliques

Lateral muscles of the back

QL Psoas major Levatores costarum

Posterior muscles of the back

Erector spinae Interspinalis Transversospinalis Intertransversarii

ROM of AO flex

0-10

ROM of AO extension

0-25

ROM of AO lat flexion

0-5

ROM of AO rotation

ROM of AA flex

0-5

ROM of AA ext

0-10

ROM of AA lateral flex

0-10

ROM of AA rotation

0-45

ROM of cervical flexion

0-45

ROM of cervical ext

0-45

ROM of cervical lateral flex

0-30

ROM of cervical rotation

0-30

ROM of thoracic flexion

0-15

ROM of thoracic ext

0-15

ROM of thoracic lateral flex

0-15

ROM of thoracic rotation

0-45

ROM of lumbar flexion

0-40

ROM of lumbar ext

0-25

ROM of lumbar lateral flex

0-20

ROM of lumbar rotation

0-5

Prelims Flashcards

(430 cards)