finals Flashcards
(516 cards)
1
Q
What is the leading cause of death in police officers
A
Car crashes
2
Q
Are police crashes majority emergency or non emergency situations?
A
Non emergency
3
Q
How many officers were killed in car crashes between 06-19?
A
800
4
Q
How many officers were killed in car crashes in 2020?
A
44
5
Q
What kind of driving attitude must officers have?
A
Low risk, high reward
6
Q
Drivers triangle
A
Driver vehicle and roadway
7
Q
Kinetic energy
A
The energy an object possesses by virtue of being in motion
8
Q
Momentum
A
The combined mass and velocity of an object. The object tends to remain in motion until acted upon by an outside force.
9
Q
Rolling friction
A
Occurs when a force exerted by one solid surface to another where the two surfaces touch and roll past each other
10
Q
Sliding friction
A
Is when two objects rub against each other. Sliding friction is always faster than rolling friction.
11
Q
Weight shift
A
A change in load placed on vehicle wheels/tires while in motion.
12
Q
Centrifugal force
A
Pulls a moving object outward from the center of rotation
13
Q
Centripetal force
A
Pulls a moving object inward toward the center of rotation T is inward F is outward
14
Q
Human error is responsible for blank percent of all vehicle crashes
A
0.9
15
Q
Police crashes peak during the first blank hours of duty shift due to fatigue
A
3 hours
16
Q
Seating
A
Sit upright
Upper arms rest agains the rib cage with slight bend at elbow
17
Q
Hand position
A
3 and 9 o’clock
18
Q
tops
A
Traffic occupant protection systems
19
Q
Air bags fully inflate in blank seconds at speeds up to blank MPH
A
Half a second, 200 MPH
20
Q
Vehicle must strike a fixed object at speeds greater than blank MPH for airbags to deploy
A
10 MPH
21
Q
ESC
A
Electronic stability control
22
Q
ABS
A
Anti-lock brakesystem
23
Q
Where is the weight shift during acceleration?
A
Rear
24
Q
Where is the load shift during braking?
A
Front
25
Threshold braking
Is used to reduce speed or stop a moving vehicle as quickly as possible with minor steering adjustments. Apply and maintain the maximum amount of pedal pressure without engaging ABS, locking-up wheels or skidding
26
Trail braking
Is done while driving in a straight line to slow vehicle speed just before entering, and while making a turn.
27
Stopping distance
Total number of feet a moving vehicle needs to completely stop
28
Driver decision
Distance vehicle travels between location where driver identifies a hazard and first presses the brake pedal.
29
Vehicle braking
Distance traveled between location where brake pedal is first pressed by driver and vehicle comes to a complete stop.
30
Line
Is the path traveled through a turn
31
Apex
Is the lowest or closest point a motor vehicle reached while inside a turn.
32
Best practice for braking during turns
Trail brake prior to turn so entry speed is less, entering too fast can cause understeer
33
How do you establish the proper line during a turn?
Come in high apex then exit high, never apex until you can see around or out of a turn.
34
How do you minimize lateral weight transfer?
Minimize steering input
35
What should be higher turn entry speed or turn exit speed?
Exit speed
36
What is over steering
Occurs when vehicle rear tires lose traction and skid to the outside of a turn
37
What are the causes of oversteering
Improper air tire pressure
Braking too hard into a turn
Abruptly releasing accelerator going into a turn
Turning too sharp or fast to cause unnecessary lateral weight shift
Unnecessary or improper acceleration to overcome rolling friction
38
What is under steering
Occurs when vehicle “plows” straight without turning because front wheels are sliding
39
What are the causes of under steering
Excessive speed
Slick road conditions
Unnecessary or excessive braking while turning
Not turning sharp enough for curve radius
40
Counter-steering
Used to correct a vehicles travel path by turning front wheels in the opposite direction of skid
Driver must be prepared to counter steer ahain
41
Constant radius turn
Entry and exit sides share the same radius
42
decreasing radius turn
The most dangerous because entrance radius is larger than exit radius
43
Increasing radius turn
entry radius is smaller than exit radius
44
What turn can create extreme later weight transfer?
S-turns
45
What accounts for 50% of all non emergency crashes?
Backing up
46
SIPDE
Scan
Identify
Predict
Decide
Execute
47
Scan sipde
Continuously scan roadway for potential hazards
48
Identify SIPDE
Prompt hazard identification is needed to provide time
49
Predict SIPDE
predictable means preventable for defensive driving
50
Decide SIPDE
Time available to decide is determined how efficient officers are in initial steps
51
Execute
Officers must follow through with their decision and take action
52
Following distance
Ample following distance is needed to take evasive action
53
Normal day driving conditions following distance time
2-3 seconds
54
Normal night driving conditions following distances time
3-4 seconds
55
Rain snow ice time following distance
5-6 seconds
56
Pursuit driving standard
The immediate danger to the public created by the pursuit should be less than the immediate risk to the public should the pursuit not continue
57
Pursuit best practices
1. Initiation
2. Radio communication
3. Patrol cars
4. Warning devices
5. Visual lead time
6. Road positioning
7. Following distance
8. Speed
9. continuation
10. Termination
58
Initation pursuit
The decision to initiate a pursuit must comply with agency policy
59
Radio communications
Immediately communicate decision to pursue and announce critical details
60
Patrol cars pursuits
No more than 2 patrol cars
61
Warning devices pursuit
Keep all patrol car warning devices turn on until pursuit ends
62
Visual lead time pursuit
A minimum of 12 seconds
63
Road positioning pursuit
Adjust position in roadway to maximize visibility
64
Following distance pursuit
Significantly reducing following distance to apply psychological pressure is not effective
65
Speed pursuit
Safe pursuit speeds are determined by existing road conditions
66
Continuation pursuits
Evaluate circumstances and make decisions on whether or not to continue
67
Termination pursuit
Plan ahead and prepare for what may happens when the pursuit ends
68
69
Reverence for human life
No arrest, conviction, or piece of evidence can outweigh the value of human life
70
Safety priority
Innocence
Public safety officials
Subject
71
Definition of force
Force is the amount of physical effort, however slight, required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling individual
72
When can you use force?
Effect the lawful arrest or detention of a person
Prevent the escape from custody
Prevent imminent harm and the amount of force used is proportionate to the threat of imminent harm while protecting the safety of the officer or others
Defend against an individual who initiates force against an officer
73
Deescalation tactics
Verbal persuasion
Warnings
Slowing down the pace of an incident
Waiting out of a person
Creating distance between the officer and a threat
Requesting additional resources to resolve the incident to address a potential medical or mental health crisis
74
What are the standards for force?
Necessary and proportionate
75
What are the graham standards?
That the officers actions are “objectively reasonable “ at the time of the incident in the mind of a reasonable officer
76
What position do you want to be in when facing a suspect?
1 or 2 and a half
77
78
Tennessee v garner
Police can use deadly force against a fleeing suspect when
The suspect threatens officer with a weapon or probable cause to believe the suspect has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm AND
Deadly force is necessary to prevent escape AND
Where feasible some warning is given
79
Limitation on the use of deadly force
Fleeing suspect,
Discharging a firearm into a motor vehicle
80
Totality triangle
Perceived circumstances
Perceived subject actions
Reasonable officer responses
81
OODA LOOP
Observe
Orient
Decide
Act
82
Four cardinal rules of firearm safety
Treat every firearm as loaded
Keep your finger off the trigger until ready to shoot
Never point a loaded or unloaded firearm at any target you don’t intend to shoot
Know your target
83
Double action
When the trigger is pressed completely through in one continuous motion to retract and release the hammer
84
Single action
Firing occurs is when the trigger is used to release the hammer that was pulled back manually or by slide action
85
Operation cycle for pistols
Firing
Unlocking
Extracting
Ejecting
Cocking
Feeding
Chambering
Locking
86
Ammunition pieces
Bullet
Casing
Powder
Primer
87
3 point check
Remove magazine
Lock the slide to the rear
Visually check 3 points
Chamber, ejection port, mag well
Cycle slide 3 times
Reholster
88
3 types of crowds
Event based
Public demonstrations
Civil disturbances
89
Crowd dynamics
Personal Identity
Social identity
Emotions
90
Police responsibilities for crowd management
Maintain public order
Watch the crowd
Be fair and impartial
Ensure safety of crowd members lawful exercising their rights
Ensure crowd members follow all laws
91
Crowd management tactics
Gather information
Communicate
Identify and manage risks
Conduct targeted interactions
Large scale interventions
92
3 types of uniform patrol
Basic
Directed
Specialized
93
Terrorism definition
The unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government the civilian population or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives
94
3 types of terrorism
Domestic
International
Lone actor
95
6 step attack cycle for terrorism
Step 1 target selection
Step 2 planning
Step 3 deployment
Step 4 attack
Step 5 escape
Step 6 exploitation
96
Types of targets terrorism
Soft targets are largely unprotected
Hard targets are fortified restricted from public access
Target research is conducted to id weaknesses
97
98
99
juv age milestones,
under 12
Presumed incapable of committing a crime MGL 119 S 52
100
Juv age milestones,
12-18
Can be charged with a crime as a delinquent child
101
juve age milestones,
under 13
must wear primary seatbelt
102
juve age milestones,
12-13
juvenile needs an interested adult present to validly waive Miranda
103
juve age milestones,
14+
must be given a genuine opportunity to consult w/ interested adult before waive miranda rights
can consent to touching
104
juve age milestones
under 16
must wear a helment on bikes, inline skates, non motorized scooters, skate boards
105
juve age milestones
16 plus
can consent to intercourse, also subject to seatbelt fines
106
Abuse
is non-accidental conduct committed by a caretaker that causes or creates a substantial risk of serious physical or emotional injury or constitutes a sexual offense
107
neglect
is a caretaker’s failure, either deliberately or through negligence, to maintain the child’s health and well-being or one who creates a substantial risk of serious bodily injury or sexual abuse to a child or wantonly or recklessly fails to take reasonable steps to alleviate such risk where there is a duty to act
108
interested adult
a adult with a parental role towards juvenile who needs to be present or able to consult with minor to waive miranda rights
109
habitually truant
A school aged child who has missed 8 days in a quarter unexcused
110
when do police need to enter a missing person into NCIC?
within two hours
111
abandoment
child under 10 being left alone for an unreasonable amount of time, not a temporary
112
child endangerment
anyone under 18 failure to take reasonable action to prevent injury or death
113
parental discipline defense
parents can use reasonable force against their own child to discipline them
114
statutory rape
intercourse with a victim under the age of 16
115
commonwealth v beals
A parent cannot kidnap child unless there is a court order
116
juvenile version of criminal complaint
delinquency complaint
117
juvenile version of defendant
juvenile
118
juvenile version of conviction
adjudication
119
juvenile version of guilty/ not guilty
delinquent/not delinquent
120
juvenile version of jail
detention at department of youth services
121
summons or arrest for juveniles?
summons is preferred
122
new Jersey v TLO
students do not forfeit 4th amendment right in schools and officers need probable cause to search
123
furnishing alcohol
providing alcohol to a minor who is not your own child in your own home
124
exceptions to minor in possession of alcohol
work and in your own home provided by your parents
125
options for juvenile with alcohol incapacitation
assist to residence, treatment facility, medical facility, the police station
126
options for juvenile with incapacitation by controlled substance
must be transported to treatment facility and notify parents
127
list mandated reporters
clergy, police, medical personnel, daycare workers, teachers, and school officials
128
what is the standard for filing a 51A.
reasonable cause
129
care and protection petition
child under 18 anyone can file
130
runaway CRA definition
Repeatedly runs away from the home of the child’s parent, legal guardian or
custodian.
131
Stubborn child CRA definition
Repeatedly fails to obey the lawful and reasonable commands of a
parent, legal guardian or custodian, thereby interfering with their ability to adequately
care for and protect the child.
132
habitual school offender CRA definition
Repeatedly fails to obey lawful and reasonable regulations of
the child’s school.
133
Habitually Truant CRA definition
A school-aged child not excused from attendance under the lawful
and reasonable regulations of such child’s school, who willfully fails to attend school for
more than eight (8) days in a quarter.
134
Sexually exploited child CRA definition
Any person under 18 years old who has been subjected to
sexual exploitation because such person:
o Is the victim of the crime of sexual servitude pursuant to MGL c 265 §50 or a
victim of sex trafficking defined in 22 USC § 7105;
o Engages, agrees to engage or offers to engage in sexual conduct with another
person in return for a fee, in violation of MGL c 272 § 53A(a), or in exchange for
food, shelter, clothing, education or care;
o Is a victim of the crime, whether or not prosecuted, of inducing a minor into
prostitution under MGL c 272 § 4A; OR
o Engages in common night walking or common streetwalking under MGL c 272
§53
135
CRA warrant
during court hours only, cannot handcuff or use force
136
custodial protection
can bring into custody to bring home if safe
137
what are the standards for juveniles who are arrested?
sight and sound away form adults
138
what is the standard for officers searching juveniles on school grounds?
probable cause
139
what is the standard for school personnel to search juveniles on school grounds?
reasonable suspicion
140
what are the two offenses committed by juveniles at school events that officesr cannot arrest for?
disorderly conduct and disturbing the peace
141
MGL chapter 85
regulations and bylaws relative to ways and bridges
142
MGL chapter 89
Law of the road
143
MGL chapter 90
Motor vehicles and Aircraft
144
MGL chapter 90B
Motorboats
145
MGL chapter 90C
Procedure for MV offenses
146
MGLChapter 159a1/2
Transportation network companies
147
323 CMR
Office of Law Enforcement
148
350 CMR 4.0
Department of conservation and recreation
149
540 CMR
Registry of Motor vehicles
150
700 CMR
Department of Transportation
151
720 CMR
Department of Highways
152
Powers of arrest, USA SIR
unlicensed operation
Operating with a Suspended license
Knowingly using a motor vehicle without authority
Leaving the scene of MV crash with injury
Operating under the Influence
Refusal to submit to officers upon request
153
CMVI
Minor Infractions with no provision for imprisonment or arrest
154
Criminal violation (MV Law)
More serious offenses with punishments that include arrest or imprisonment
155
Motor Vehicle
motor vehicle is all vehicles constructed and designed for propulsion by power other than muscular power constructed and designed for propulsion by power, including such vehicles when pulled or towed by another motor vehicle
156
operation
someone inside the vehicle behind the wheel and turns the engine on
157
public way
Any street or highway open to the public and controlled and maintained by some level of government. This includes interstates, state highways, and municipal streets and roads.
158
How many estimated Street gangs are there within the united stated?
33000
159
What are the 3 most common types of gangs?
street gangs,
Motorcycle gangs,
Prison gangs
160
How does Massachusetts define a gang?
An organization of 3 or more people,
with a common name, identifying sign or symbol
Whose members individually or collectively engage in criminal activity
161
What is the most common main factor in driving someone to join a gang?
exposure through:
1. Family
2. School
3. Geography
4. Peer groups
5. Community events
162
what are the three largest motorcycle gangs?
hells angels
pagans
banditos
163
What are the 5 categories of autism?
Autism
Child disintegrative disorder
retts syndrom
asperger syndrome
pervasive developmental disorder
164
What was the act that expanded hates crime coverage?
Shepard-Byrd Act of 2009
165
what did the Shepard-byrd act of 2009 cover?
Sexual orientation, Gender Identity, and disability added to protected classes
166
What is generational and collective trauma?
it is trauma that is experienced by a group of people, and it extends to their decendants
167
How is hate crime defined as?
“Any criminal act coupled with overt actions motivated by bigotry and bias including but not limited to a threatened, attempted, or completed overt act motivated at least in part by the victims race, etnicity, national origin, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, handicap pysical mental or health or gender/gender identity (male, female, transgender, and non-binary), or which otherwise deprives another person of his constitutional rights by threats, intimidation
168
What are the 7 protected classes in MA?
Handicap, race, sezual orientation, gender/gender identity, national origin, religion, ethnicity
169
What is the difference between a hate crime and hate incident?
A hate crime is a crime motivated by hate or bias whereas a hate incident is an incident motivated by hate or bias that does not rise to the level of a hate crime
170
What is the definition of bias?
A preformed opinion or attitude toward a group of persons based on their race, color, religion, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity/ expression
171
what is domestic violence?
Willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systematic pattern of power and control perpetrated by one intimate partner against another
172
How many men and women experience violence in Massachusetts
1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men, 1/3 of transgender people experience threats
173
What makes A &B domestic?
Roommates and family (blood or marriage) assault or assault and battery
Married, shared child, Current substantive dating relationship A&B on family or household member (AKA Intimate A&B)
174
What is the difference between attempted and threatened battery?
Suspect intended to commit a battery and came reasonably close to doing so whereas threatened is just the display and attempt to instill fear
175
A&B rises to a felony if
causes significant bodily injury or on a pregnant woman
on an elder over 65
upon someone with a disability
upon a child (w/ injury)
176
elements for strangulation
1. Suspect applied substantial pressure on the threat or neck of another
Suspect interfered with breathing or circulation of the victim
Suspect did so intentionally
177
Elements for suffocation
Suspect blocked the nose or mouth of another
Suspect interfered with breathing or circulation of the victim
Suspect did so intentionally
178
What are the three phases of an abusive relationship?
Tension building
acute explosion
honeymoon
179
On average how many abusive events does it take for a survivor to leave the relationship?
7
180
What are the factors that lead to a substantive dating relationship?
relationship length
Type and nature of the relationship
Frequency of interaction between parties
Time elapsed since the relationship ended
181
what is the preferred response for domestic violence relationships?
sole arrest of primary aggressor
182
What are the steps to take when responding to a police officer involved domestic?
request a supervisor (one higher ranked than officer if possible)
secure there firearm(s)
183
When is the time that you shall arrest?
a witnessed domestic A &B or a 209a violation
184
Factors to consider when determining dominant agressor
Severity of injuries and fear inflicted in the incident
Use of force and intimidation in the incident
Prior incients involving either party
Height, weight, and size differences
Likelihood of either party committing future violence
185
What is the 6 hour hold and when is it applicable?
the 6 hour hold is a hold on bail for people who are charged with domestic A &B
186
When should officers direct people to contact family and probate court?
civil matters that involve: Custody arrangement, child support, divorce, alimony, annulment, child requiring assistance
187
How long are people held who violate a 209A order?
Until they can be taken to court
188
How many americans are esitmated to use an illicit drug in the past month?
31 million
189
Class A drugs
Heroin, GHB, Ketamine, Fentanyl, Rohypnol
190
Class B drugs
Cocaine, LSD, PCP, Oxycodone, Ecstasy, Methamphetamines, Dilaudid
191
Class C Drugs
THC (Hashish, Klonopin, Valium, Vicodin, Xanax; synthetic marijuana
192
Class D drugs
Marijuana, Phenobarbital
193
Class E drugs
Other prescription drugs not included in Classes A, B, C, or D (E.G. steroids)
194
Consumption Methods for hallucinogens
Oral, transdermal smoked, injected insufflation
195
consumption methods depressants
orally vaping inject inset insufflation
196
side effect depressants
disoriented poor concentration drowsiness uncoordinated
197
Symptoms of abuse stimulants
dialated pupils
198
consumption methods stimulants
oral smoked injected
199
side effects stimulants
Redness of nose runny nose dry mouths
200
frequently encountered stimulants
cocaine methamphetamine
201
Side effects of hallucinogens
paranoia nausea, body tremors dehydration, headache
202
Frequently encountered dissociative anesthetics
PCP, analogs, ketamine, DXM
203
consumption Methods dissociative anesthetics
Oral, transdermal, smoked, injected, eye drops, insufflation
204
Side effects dissociative anesthetics
Warm to touch, blank staring, slurred speech, incomplete verbal responses, hallucinations, sensory distortions, confusion, violent
205
Frequently encountered narcotic analgesics
Fentanyl, heroin, vicoden, morphine, oxycontin
206
consumption methods narcotic analgesics
Oral, inhaled, injected
207
Side effects narcotic analgesics
Nausea dry mouth, droopy eye lids, slow low raspy speech, sensation of heavy arms and legs
208
Signs of abuse narcotics analgesics
shallow/agonal breathing, Blue lips/fingernails
209
side effects of inhalants
Confusion; disoriented, slow thick speech, nausea, flushed/red face, bloodshot
210
Frequently encountered cannabis
Marijuana, hashish, hash oil
211
Consumption methods cannabis
Smoked, eaten
212
side effects cannabis
Bloodshot eyes, body eyelid tremors, increased appetite, relaxed inhibitions, disorientation balance problems, slow reaction time.
213
When did the opioid crisis begin?
The civil war
214
How did bayer marketing heroin effect the opioid crisis
addiction skyrocketed as it was marketed as a safe and non addictive alternative to morphine
215
Harrison narcotics act of 1914
Made it illegal to sell Morphine/opium without a prescription causing the illicit market to skyrocket
216
Heroin act of 1924
made possession illegal along with sales
217
1960's vietnam era effect on opioid crisis
attitude shifted towards treatment
218
controlled substances act
Mixed health/ policing approach with enforcement dominating
219
Purdue pharma markets oxycontin
similar to heroin, marketed as a safer version of heroin leading to addiction skyrocketing
220
Clan Lab safety precautions
Do not touch or move anything
Exit the area immediately using the same entrance pathway
Do not walk through the crime scene to look for additional evidence. Be aware of booby traps
Remove all persons from lab and immediate adjacent areas
Follow first aid protocols for inhalation
221
Signs and symptom of excited delirium
Nudity, paranoia, erratic behavior, profuse sweating, abnormal strength, high tolerance to pain, high body temperature, unprovoked acts of violence
222
What is the police response to excited delirium?
request EMS attempt to calm and secure the person as quickly as possible for rapid transport to hospital
223
Trafficking Marijuana
50 pounds
224
trafficking Class B substances
18 grams or more
225
Trafficking heroin
18 grams or more includes opioids
226
Trafficking Methamphetamine
18 grams or more
227
Trafficking Fentanyl
10 Grams or more including derivatives
228
trafficking carfentanyl
any amount
229
The 3 P's of human trafficking
Protection, proactive screening. Training how to detect and respond to cases
Prevention: targeted education and awareness-raising campaigns
Prosecution: contribution to evidence base of current patterns, inform evidence-based policy
230
Trauma bonding in human trafficking
Traffickers use rewards and punishments within cycles of abuse to foster a powerful emotional connection with the victim
231
What is the priority of police on scenes with human trafficking?
Medical treatment and well-being of the victim should be the priority after making the scene safe.
232
MA safe harbor
Ma safe harbor provisions compel mandated reporters to report the suspicion of minor human trafficking and sexual exploitation to DCF through a 51A
233
How fast should a 51A be filed, orally and written reports?
orally should be filed immediately and written reports within 48 hours
234
How often are vehicles stolen in the united states?
One every 40 seconds
235
What are the reasons for MV theft
Joy riding, fraud, stripping parts and accessories, chop shops, retagging, carjacking
236
common signs of MV theft
Damaged door locks
Broken or missing window glass
Ignition switch in on position without a key steering column covered with clothing to hide damage
VIN does not match registration
Non or inadequately attached registration plates
237
RESPECT model
Respond to scene and make it safe
Emergency care for injured
Separate and remove people
Protect crime scene
Evidence collection
Compare evidence with MGL
Take action and Testify in court
238
Riley V california
modern cell phones are now such a pervasive and daily part of life that a visitor from mars would think it is an important part of the human anatomy.
239
Search methods
Systematic search, lane search, grid search, zone search
240
58A
Dangerousness hearing
241
RESPECT Model
Respond to the scene
Emergency Medical Care
Separate people
Protect the crime scene
Evidence collection
Compare evidence with MGL
Take action and testify
242
1st Amendment
freedom of Speech, Religion, Press
243
2nd Amendment
Right to keep and bear arms
244
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
245
5th Amendment
prohibits Double jeopardy, self incrimination, right to due process
246
6th Amendment
Right to know what you are charged with, the right to a speedy trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witness
247
8th Amendement
Prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
248
14th Amendment
Provides equal protection and due process of the law applies bill of rights to states
249
Article 12
Same as fifth amendment
250
Article 14
Same as Fourth Amendment
251
Statutory laws
Laws enacted by legislation
252
Case Law
Massachusetts and federal courts interpreting laws become case law
253
Searches
physical invasions or intrusions of privacy by police on people, homes, or personal property to obtain information or gather evidence
254
Seizures
when police take possession of property, make an arrest, or restrict a person's ability to move freely
255
Reasonable Suspicion
Specific and articulable facts that lead a reasonable person to believe that a person has or is about to commit a crime
256
Probable cause
Trustworthy Facts and circumstances that would convince a person of reasonable caution that more likely than not the person has or is about to commit a crime
257
Collective knowledge
The knowledge of one is the knowledge of all
258
Aguilar/Spinelli Rule
Two-pronged approach for establishing witness credibility, veracity and basis of knowledge
259
Basis of knowledge
How a person knew the information
260
Veracity
Is the witness credible or reliable
261
Specific and Articulable Facts
The following factors are recognized by the SJC that can support RS and PC
Area of encounter, Reason of encounter, Officer training, Familiarity of suspect (or lack), the defendants nervousness or evasiveness, High crime area (Must articulate), Time of day, Suspects description and proximity to scene, Officers corroboration of facts
262
Voluntary Encounter
Police do not need any justification to approach, talk with and ask questions of any citizen in a public place so long as the citizen is willing.
263
Search Warrant
Absent specific circumstances, officers need a search warrant to search where there is a legal expectation of privacy
264
Terry Stop
Short in duration, pat frisk of outer clothing for weapons, must have RS
265
Two steps to determine validity of Terry stop
1. Whether the initiation of the investigation was permissible under the circumstances
2. what were the reasons officers believed that the suspect could be armed and dangerous
266
Investigative stop limitations
Degree of force, Duration, Scope, Location, Questioning, inferences
267
Degree of force (IS limitation)
Dangerousness to officers, flight, nature of inquiry, length of encounter
268
Duration (IS Limitation)
no set duration, can be no longer than necessary. The more serious the crime the more government intrusion is allowed.
269
Scope (IS limitation)
Limited to gathering information that a reasonable person will allow an investigative stop to continue to gather PC. Must be reasonable and proportionate for the reason for the stop.
270
Search incident to arrest
may be made only for the purpose of gathering fruits, contraband, instruments, and other evidence of the crime for which the arrest was made in order to prevent the destruction or concealment. Also for removing firearms and other weapons the defendant could use to resist arrest.
271
Consent searches
Warrantless searches are allowed when a person consents to allow officers to search somewhere they have a reasonable expectation of privacy
272
are spouses or roommates allowed to consent to searches?
yes to common areas but not to areas where the person has an exclusive expectation of privacy.
273
Plain View
Allows officers to seize evidence that they may not have been looking for but was in plain view to them while legally allowed to be in a space.
274
Reasonable expectation of privacy extends to a persons
Body, Home, Curtilage, personal property, places of business, Electronic devices.
275
Curtilage
the immediate area surrounding a house or dwelling where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy
276
Exigent Circumstances
A reasonable likelihood for danger to officers or a third party, a reasonable likelihood for destruction of evidence, the likelihood of flight for a wanted person.
277
Frisk
A warrantless and limited searches of a person's outer clothing and other areas in the suspect's immediate control for weapons and not evidence
278
Vehicle Frisk
A frisk can extend to the interior of a person's vehicle as long as it is limited in scope
279
Police Powers of arrest
Arrests are seizures that initiate criminal prosecution.
280
Jurisdiction
A specific geographical area that an officer can arrest and serve.
281
Mutual aid agreements
Mutual aid agreements allow officers to to share personnel between each other and still have authority
282
Fresh and continued pursuit
Permits an officer in a fresh and continued pursuit for an arrestable offense to continue into another jurisdiction
283
citizens arrest
A citizen may make an arrest of someone who has "In fact" committed a felony
284
OIC in mutual aid
An officer in charge of one jurisdiction may request mutual aid from another OIC, once approved, the responding units have full police powers
285
Detentions by merchants
A merchant may detain a shoplifter in a reasonable manner and for no longer than reasonable.
286
Statements by Merchants
In Massachusetts, a merchant accusing a person of shoplifting is enough probable cause to arrest the person.
287
Obsenity
Language regarding sexual content that depicts sex in patently offensive way and has no serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
288
Fighting words
insulative, provocative words that are clearly directed at those who hear them.
289
Threats
intended to intimidate citizens and must be a true threat
290
Double jeopardy
Cannot be punished for the same mistake twice
291
Self incrimination
cannot be compelled to testify against yourself.
292
Due Process
protects people from government action by ensuring that there is a system in place and rules that must be followed before the government could infringe on someones rights
293
objective
what a reasonable person would do
294
subjective
what an individual thought in the moment
295
Location (IS limitation)
cannot move suspects
296
questioning (IS limitation)
Officers are not required to Mirandize suspects during an I.S. stop. The suspect is not required to answer.
297
Inferences (IS limitation)
Inferences of crime may be unreasonable.
298
What are the limits to the First Amendment
Fighting words, threats, obscenity, incendiary speech
299
are spouses or roommates allowed to consent to searches?
yes to common areas but not to areas where the person has an exclusive expectation of privacy.
300
If you frisk someone from a car and find a gun can you frisk everyone else in the car?
Yes, the risk is not over
301
There are three roommates in an apartment. Two give consent to search, but one says no, can you search?
No consent to search has been revoked
302
What level of suspicion do you have to be at for a pat frisk?
Reasonable suspicion
303
What is the system used by police to confirm warrants?
Warrant Management system WMS
304
What is the type of warrant used for out of state warrants?
Fugitive warrant
305
What are the agreements between towns for police powers?
Mutual Aid Agreements
306
Can a police officer when off-duty make an arrest not within their jurisdiction?
Yes, they can make a citizens arrest when a felony has occurred
307
When can an officer make an extra-territorial stop?
If a police officer witnesses a crime in their own jurisdiction, they can follow them into another jurisdiction to seize them
308
What elevates incendiary speech so that it is no longer protected by the first amendment?
When a specific means and set time for violence is mentioned- Brandenburg v Ohio
309
Which amendment applies the bill of rights to the states?
The 14th Amendment
310
How can the Massachusetts constitution differ from the U.S. constitution
It can provide more protection but not less
311
Do police officers need to believe that the suspect has a weapon to pat frisk them?
No, if the suspect keeps putting their hands in their pocket and asking nervously they can pat frisk- com V Johnson
312
Do police officers need to have the arrest warrant on them to make an arrest?
No, but it should be shown to them as soon as possible
313
Do police officers need to have a search warrant on them to conduct a search warrant?
Yes
314
Chapter 85
Regulations and bylaws for ways and bridges
315
Chapter 89
Laws of the road
316
Chapter 90
Motor Vehicles and Aircraft
317
Chapter 90B
Motorboats and other Rec vehicles
318
Chapter 90C
Procedure for Motor Vehicle Offenses
319
Chapter 159a1/2
Transportation network companies
320
chapter 266
Motor vehicle or Trailer Theft or concealment
321
323 CMR
Office in Law Enforcement
322
350 CMR
Department of conservation and water
323
540 CMR
Registry of Motor Vehicles
324
700 CMR
Department of transportation
325
720 CMR
Department of Highways
326
CMVI
All CMVI are minor infractions with no provision for imprisonment or arrest. Common
CMVI infractions include speeding, equipment violations, and marked lane violations. An
open container of alcohol is a civil motor vehicle infraction. Commonwealth v. Mansur,
484 Mass. 172 (2020).
327
Criminal Violation (Compare to CMVI)
Criminal motor vehicle violations are more serious, with provisions for arrest and
imprisonment. Under M.G.L 90 §21, police can file a criminal complaint via citation and
arrest without a warrant for specific violations.
328
Does criminal mean arrestable
No
329
USA SIR (powers of arrest
unlicensed op
operating after suspension
Use without authority
Leaving the scene
OUI
Refusal to submit
330
Motor vehicle Definition
“all vehicles constructed and designed for propulsion by
power other than muscular power constructed and designed for propulsion by power, including
such vehicles when pulled or towed by another motor vehicle.”
331
indicator for a MV
In Commonwealth v. Aponte, evidence that a small, motored bike could exceed a speed of
thirty miles per hour took it out of the category of motorized bicycles and defined it as a motor
vehicle.
332
Operation
The “operator” is any person who operates a motor vehicle. “A person is ‘operating’ a motor
vehicle whenever they are inside the vehicle and intentionally manipulate some mechanical or
electrical part of the vehicle (e.g., gear shift, ignition, etc.) which, alone or in sequence, will set
the vehicle in motion.”
333
Articuable facts for operation
does not need to be moving; the person needs to do an act that makes use of the vehicle
334
Corroboration of operation
Admission of operation is not enough, however, operation can be corroborated by witnesses, found in the driver seat after crash or while sleeping
335
Public Way
A public way is “any street or highway open to the public and controlled and maintained by
some level of government. This includes interstates, state highways, and municipal streets and
roads.”
336
Delivery of citation
A citation must be delivered
337
3 forms of delivery of citation
in hand
in hand to agent
Mail to violator
338
How to VOID a Citation
Write VOID on face of citation, provide a full explanation of why it was voided, provide voided citation to RMV, Record the voided citation with audit sheet
339
Audit Sheet
Audit sheet records citation with chiefs or designee (SGT. or higher) audit sheets must include: Citation number, Violators name, issuing officer name, date citation was issued, citation type
340
proper charges for rules of the road, turning
89-8 turn on red
341
proper charge for the rules of the road, passing
89-2 passing vehicle in same direction
342
Proper charge for rules of the road, lane usage
89-4a for motorcycles passing in same lane
343
Proper charge for rules of the road, right away
89-7 right-of-way of emergency vehicles
344
proper charge for rules of the road, traffic lights
89-9 traffic control
345
5 types of operators licenses
class A- Commercial
Class B- Commercial
Class C- Commercial
Class D - regular
Class M- Motorcycle
346
License Restriction
B- corrective Lenses
C- Mechanical Aid
D- Prosthetic/ Medical aid
E- CMV auto Transmission
G- Daylight only
H- hours restriction- employment
I- JR operator
J- Other
S- blood sugar
T- interlock
U- 3 wheeled motorcycle
V- med variance
Y- passenger restriction
347
proper charges registration and vehicle types
Chapter 90 section 1a
348
proper charges equipment inspection
Chapter 90 section 7
349
proper charges operator and passenger conduct, speed
Chapter 90-17
chapter 90-17C- speed in established thickly settled area
Chapter 90-18 speed regulation
17 is more speed than reasonable 18 is posted speed
350
proper charges operator and passenger conduct, seat belt
90-13A
351
Proper charges operator and passenger conduct, texting while driving
90-8m under 18
90-12a public transport
90-13B regular
352
proper charges operator and passenger conduct, OUI
90-24 OUI liquor
90-24L serious bodily injury OUI
90-24M OUI child endangerment
353
proper charges rec vehicles low speed
90-2G plates on low speed vehicle
354
proper charges, motorized bicycle
90-1b
355
proper charges motorized scooter
90-1e
356
proper charges, dirt bike
use on public way is 90B-20
357
proper charges, offenses against bicyclist
90-14
passing: operators must slow down and pass bikes at a reasonable distance and speed
cannot take right turns in front of bicyclists
cannot open doors into bicyclists and must yield right away on lefts
358
violations by bicyclists
MGL 85 sec 11E must check off bicyclist box, if the offender is under 16, give it to their parent,
359
when can you arrest a bicyclist?
when they fail to provide name to police after a witnessed violation.
360
What is TIM
Traffic incident management
361
How many feet apart should flares be?
20 feet
362
TIM steps
1. Windshield Sizeup
2. patrol car positioning
3. Move it or work it
4. Detailed assessment
5. Manage traffic flow
6. clear scene
363
what is the range for a fire extinguisher?
5-20 feet
364
what is the acronym for using a fire extinguisher?
PASS
Pull the pin
Aim the nozzle
Squeeze the trigger
spray and pray, baby
365
Police response to hazmat
Step1 detection
step 2 secure the scene
Step 3 identify hazmat material
step 4 Take action and request resources
366
Anatomy of the crash
1. point of possible perception
2. Point of actual perception
3. point of no escape
4. Key event
5. Point of initial engagement
6. point of maximum engagement
7. point of disengagement
8. Final resting place
367
Point of possible perception
Place where the operator could see the hazard
368
point of actual perception
place where the operator sees the hazard
369
point of no escape
place where the accident is no longer avoidable
370
Key event
entering into the rightful path of other vehicle
371
point of initial engagement
first contact
372
point of maximum engagement
place where the vehicles reach maximum penetration
373
point of disengagement
a place where vehicles separate
374
final resting place
place where the vehicles stop after the crash
375
controlled final resting place
the driver stops the vehicle
376
uncontrolled final resting place
The vehicle comes to rest without driver input
377
print tire marks
tire marks where the tires are not spinning or skidding and leaves impression in soft materials
378
skid tire marks
Skids are left behind when the tire loses traction and slides over the roadway. Skids are caused when the tire locks up. tires are not rotating at all during skids
379
skip skids
Skids occur when the skidding tires leave the surface of the road. They are typically 1-3 feet and follow a bump in the road.
380
gap skids
gap skids occur when the tires lock up, unlock and then re-lock. common distance 15-20 feet.
381
Scuff tire marks
Scuff tire marks occur when the tires are simultaneously rotating and side-slipping. occurs when the vehicle is rapidly rotating.
382
Yaw marks
yaw marks occur when the vehicle is navigating the curve and the rear tires travel in a different direction then the vehicle is heading.
383
When do you use 2 marks when identifying marks on the road during a crash?
when they are bigger than 2 feet
384
how many crashes are caused by mechanical failure?
less than 1 %
385
contact damage
damage caused by direct contact with another vehicle
386
induced damage
damage caused by anything other than direct contact, for example, roof buckling when a vehicle is struck from behind.
387
Post damage
damage caused by the sleepy firefighters
388
paint/material transfer
caused during crashes between vehicles and pedestrians
389
TOPS
Traffic Occupant Protection System
390
3 primary modes of injury in a crash
1. vehicle collision
2. human collision
3. Internal collision
391
vehicle collision
sudden force experienced and absorbed by the body
392
human collision
people inside the vehicle striking each other, more common when people are not wearing seatbelts
393
internal collision
organs striking against each other
394
Four common types of crashes
1. frontal
2. rear end
3. lateral
4. roll-over
395
what is a vulnerable user?
non motorists involved in a crash
396
397
Direct evidence
Based on personal knowledge or observations
398
Circumstantial evidence
Testimony based on other facts from which deductions are drawn showing indirectly the facts sought to prove
399
Physical evidence
Is tangible includes objects property or items
400
Testimonial evidence
May be direct or circumstantial it includes statements made by victims witnesses suspects or police
401
Hearsay testimony
Is second hand knowledge about what another person said
402
Spontaneous utterances
Are out of court statements uttered during the heat of the moment
403
Exculpatory evidence
Evidence that is helpful to the defense
404
Chain of custody
Date time and location evidence was seized
Name of officer who seized it
All dates and times evidence was received or transferred
Names of all people who came in contact with evidence
Full description of evidence for positive id
405
General intent
Exists when the offender knowingly acts but does not necessary desire the consequences of the act
406
Specific intent
Exists when the offender has a purposeful state of mind to accomplish the precise criminal act
407
Transferred intent
Exists when an offender intended to harm one person but harmed someone else
408
Motive
May be relevant and material to the issue of criminal intent but motive is not essential to prove a crime was committed
409
Coincide
For a crime to occur the act (actus reus) must coincide with the intent (mens rea)
410
Two crime classifications
Felonies and misdemeanors
411
Felony
Any crime punishable by confinement in state prison
412
Statute of limitations
Charges must be filed within a specific number of years from the original date of offense
413
Statute of limitations for most crimes
6 years
414
Statute of limitations for murder
None stupid
415
Statute of limitations for sexual assaults involving children
Have no time limit but any complaint filed more than 27 years after must be cooperated by independent evidence
416
Statute of limitations armed robbery
10 years
417
Statute of limitations rape
15 years
418
Statute of limitations- tolled
Pressing the pause button on the statute of limitations
419
When can the statute of limitations be tolled
Suspect living outside MA
Age of victim in certain offenses
420
Lesser included offenses
One whose elements are a subset of the elements of the charged offense to charge suspects correctly officers must recognize crimes with lesser included elements
421
Responsible parties
Principal- person who actually commits the crime
Aider or abettor
Knowingly and intentionally participated in some meaningful way in the commission of the offense
Did so with the intent required for that offense
422
Accessory before the fact
Someone other than the suspect committed the felony,
That the suspect was an accessory to that felony by counseling hiring or in some other way arranging the suspect did so with the same intent as the principal was
423
Overt act
Must be a real step toward carrying out the crime
424
Crimes against person
Assault and battery
Robbery
Sexual assaults
Murder
425
2 types of assault
Attempted battery and threatened battery
426
Attempted battery
Intended to commit a battery took and overt act and came reasonably close to committing a battery
Right of arrest:presence or warrant
427
Threatened battery
Suspect intended to put victim in fear
Engaged in some conduct toward the victim
Victim reasonably feared that a battery was imminent
Right of arrest: presence or warrant
428
Assault case law
Victim must experience fear of imminent harm to charge threatened battery
Words alone do not generally rise to the level of assault
429
Assault by dangerous weapon
Suspect attempted or threatened a battery by using a dangerous weapon
Right of arrest: felony
430
Factors to consider when deciding if an item was used as a weapon include
Size weight shape
Composite material (glass metal)
Suspect actions and intent to provoke fear
How suspect uses the weapon
431
Deceptive weapon
Any device that is intended to convey the presence of a firearm
432
types of assault and batttery
Intentional and reckless
433
Intentional a&b
The suspect touched another person and intended to touch another person
Touch was either likely to cause bodily harm or was offensive
Right of arrest presence or warrant
434
Intentional A&B case law
Assault is lesser included offense
Consensual touching can be an assault and battery if it is physically harmful
435
Reckless a&B
Suspect intentionally engaged in actions which caused bodily injury to another
Actions amounted to reckless conduct
Right of arrest presence or warrant
436
Reckless A&B case law
Touching cannot be accidental or negligent but it can be reckless specific intent not required
Reckless conduct must result in physical injury does not need to be permanent injury but must be more than trifling
437
Intentional A&B by dangerous weapon
Suspect touched another person
Intended to touch another person
Touching was done with a DW
Right of arrest felony
438
Intentional A&B case law
Slight touching with weapon may be sufficient if assault element is proven
Suspect can still be charged if victim tried to flee or fight back in fear causing the injury
439
Reckless A&B by DW
Suspect engaged in actions that caused bodily injury
Bodily injury was done by DW
Suspects actions amounted to reckless conduct
Right of arrest: felony
440
Assault in a dwelling by DW
Suspect entered a dwelling that was not their own WHILE armed with DW
Suspect assaulted another person
Assault was committed with the specific intent to commit a felony
Right of arrest felony
441
A&B by hypodermic needle
Commits an assault or assault and battery
By using a hypodermic needle or syringe
Right of arrest: felony
442
Aggravated A&B
Is aggravated in 3 situations
Results in serious bodily injury
Is committed on a person the suspects knows or has reason to believe is pregnant
Is upon someone the suspect knows has an active RO against the suspect
Right of arrest felony
443
A&B against specific persons
A$B DW on person 60 or older
Upon elderly or disabled person
Pregnant person
Upon a child under 14 with bodily injury
All are felonies
444
A&B upon Public Employees
In addition to standard A&B there are four additional elements
Victim is a public employee (officer)
Suspect know the victim was ^
Victim was performing their duty at time of incident
Suspect know the victim was performing their duty
Right of arrest: presence unless causes serious bodily injury or suspect tried to disarm police officer
445
A&B on healthcare provider
A&B upon a healthcare provider while they are treating person in line of duty
Right of arrest: presence
446
A&B to collect a loan
Whoever commits an assault and battery for the purpose of collecting a load
Right of arrest felony
447
Mayhem
Committing specific acts
By using dangerous substances or weapons
Being privy to someone committing mayhem
Right of arrest felony
448
What are the specific acts of mayhem
Maliciously intend to maim or disfigure and
Committed one of the following acts
Cut out or maim tongue
Put out or destroy an eye
Cut or tear off ear
Slit or mutilate or main nose or lip
Cut off or disable a limb or member
Specific intent may be inferred by actions
449
Mayhem dangerous weapon or substance
Intend to main or disfigure
Assault victim with DW substance or chemical
By such assault disfigures, cripples or inflicts serious or permanent injury
450
Mayhem case law
Privy: suspect knew of another person’s intent to maim or disfigure or was present and aided in crime
Proof that suspect had specific intent to maim or disfigure victim is required
A person must have the specific malicious intent to maim or disfigure knowledge of weapons used is not enough
Crippling means to deprive use of limb it does not need to be permanent
451
Assault with intent to murder
The suspect assaulted another with the specific intent to murder
Right of arrest: felony
452
Assault with intent to maim
Suspect intended to maim or disfigure
The suspect assaulted another with a DW with intent to disfigure
Right of arrest: felony
453
Indecent A&B
A&B can be considered indecent if it involves touching portions of the anatomy that are considered private
454
Indecent A&B case law
Kissing can be indecent in certain circumstances
Touching of abdomen or thighs may be indecent
Intent to attain sexual gratification is not required
Can include acts where the suspect directs victims to touch private areas of suspect or another person
455
Indecent A&B 14+
Suspect committed indecent A&B
Victim did not consent
Right of arrest felony
456
Indecent A&B under 14
Child cannot consent to touching
Right of arrest felony
457
Aggravated indecent A&B
When is it aggravated
If committed by a mandated reporter or during one of the following crimes:
Burglary or home invasion
Breaking and entering
Kidnapping
Robbery
A&B DW
Posing a child in state of nudity or sexual conduct
458
Indecent A&B on person with intellectual disability
Suspect has to know the victim had an intellectual disability
Does not apply if both suspect and victim are disabled
Right of arrest felony
459
Strangulation
Suspect applied substantial pressure on the throat or neck
Suspect interfered with the normal breathing or blood flow
Did so intentionally
Right of arrest: felony
460
Suffocation
Suspect blocked the nose or mouth
Interfered with the normal breathing or circulation
Did so intentionally
Right of arrest: felony
461
Strangulation and suffocation enhanced penalties
Victim suffers serious bodily injury
Victim is pregnant and suspect is aware
Suspect has previously been convicted of strangling or suffocating
Victim had an active RO
462
Armed robbery
Suspect took property
Property was owned by another
Suspect took the property from other person
Suspect did so with intent to deprive
By force or violence of by putting victim in fear
Suspect did so while armed with a DW
Right of arrest felony
463
Armed robbery case law
If suspect is caught and is not armed they cannot be charged unless they had a chance to dispose of weapon
If item is used in a menacing way that is enough
Holding a gun or a mask is menacing conduct
464
Enhanced penalties armed robbery
The suspect is masked or disguised
The suspect is armed with a firearm
465
Unarmed robbery
Suspect took another’s property
Suspect did so with intent to deprive
By force or threatened force and put victim in fear
Right of arrest: felony
466
Unarmed robbery case law
Value of property stolen is irrelevant
If force is used, fear is not necessary
Victim must be aware force is being used, victim does not have to resist
467
Larceny from person
Suspect took property of another
Suspect did so with intent to deprive
468
Unarmed assault with intent to rob
Charge is applicable when someone assaults a person with intent to rob but does not complete the crime
Incidental touching is not enough
Suspect grabbing at money in hands of cashier was sufficient
Right of arrest: felony
469
Armed assault intent to rob or murder
Must I explain?
Felony
470
Stealing by confining of putting in fear
Whenever with intent to commit larceny or any felony confined maims injures or wounds
Right of arrest felony
471
Assault of person for purpose of stealing MV: carjacking
Whoever with intent to steal a motor vehicle
Assaults confined maims or puts another person in fear
Whether they succeed or fail in perpetration of stealing MV
Enhanced penalties if armed with DW
Right of arrest: felony
472
Criminal harassment
Suspect engaged in a knowing pattern of conduct or speech on at least 3 separate occasions
Suspect intended to target victim with harassing conduct or speech
Conduct or speech were of such a nature that they seriously alarmed the victim
Acts were of such a nature that they would cause a reasonable person to suffer substantial emotional distress
Suspect committed the acts willfully
Right of arrest warrantless with PC
473
Stalking
Over a period of time suspect engaged in acts on 3 separate occasions
Those acts would cause a reasonable person to suffer substantial emotional distress
Acts did cause victim to become alarmed or annoyed
Suspect took those actions willfully and maliciously
Suspect also made a threat with the intention of placing victim in imminent fear of death or bodily injury
Right of arrest: felony
474
Indecent exposure
Suspect exposed their genitals to one or more persons
Suspect did so intentionally
One or more persons was offended
Right of arrest presence
Does not have to occur in public place
Indecent exposure HAS to be genitals
475
Lewd and lascivious act
suspect committed or publicly solicited another person commit a sexual act
Sexual act involved touching the genitals or buttocks or female breast
Suspect did this either with the uprose of sexual arousal or offending others
Committed in a public place
Right of arrest presence if in a public place
476
Annoying or accosting person
Suspect knowingly engaged in an offensive and disorderly act
Suspect intended to direct conduct toward another
That person was aware of suspect’s act
Conduct would be offensive to reasonable person
Right off arrest presence
Sexually explicit language may be inherently threatening
477
Open and gross lewdness
Suspect exposed their genitals buttocks or female breast to another
Suspect did so intentionally
Suspect did so openly intending or disregarding risk of public exposure
Suspect act was done in a way as would alarm or shock a reasonable person
At least one person was alarmed or shocked
Right of arrest: felony
478
Secret sexual surveillance
Suspect wildfire photographs another person
Other person is nude or partially nude
suspect did so with intent to hide activity
Victim is in a place where they would have a reasonable expectation of privacy
Suspect did so without the victims knowledge or consent
Right of arrest warrantless
479
Secret sexual surveillance dissemination
Willfully disseminating image depicting another person
Snoring the image was obtained without victims consent
Right of arrest: felony
480
Rapport
A harmonious relationship in which the people or groups understand each others feelings or ideas and communicate well. It is marked by ready communication and mutual understanding or a relationship built on mutual trust or emotional affinity
481
Respect
Is an act of showing consideration for another persons needs or feelings
482
Neutrality
Is being fair or impartial and not helping either side in a conflict or disagreement
483
Active listening
Combination of body language questioning and summarizing
484
Professionalism
Is the skillet good judgment and polite behavior expected from a person who is trained to do a job well it is also the conduct aims or qualities that characterize a profession or professional person
485
Types of interviews
Field interview
Investigative stop
Scheduled
Interrogations
486
PRIDES
Plan
Rapport
Identify
Develop
Evaluate
summarize
487
Interview v interrogation
Person under interrogation is not free to leave is the suspect of a crime the interrogation must be recorded
488
Six hour rule
A statement made within 6 hours of arrest will not be suppressed
489
Miranda waived requirements
Knowing
Intelligent
Voluntary
490
Express or implied waivers
Expressed: suspect waives rights verbally or written
Implied suspects conduct implies an intent or desire to waive rights
Expressed is preferred
491
Miranda exceptions
Routine booking questions
Public safety exceptions
492
PRINCIPLES
Plan
Rapport
Miranda
Normalize
Clarify
Identify
Push
Listen
Evidence
Summarize
493
What are the essential Job duties for commonwealth police officers?
1. Patrol
2. respond to crime
3. help citizens in both emergency or non emergency situations
4. monitor and maintain traffic flow
5. provide security for events
6. check buildings
7. investigate crime
8. interview suspects
9. build positive relationship w community
10. write reports
494
integrity
Firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values
495
Ethics
rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good or bad
496
4 levels of emotional intelligence
self awareness
self management
social awareness
relationship management
497
emotional intelligence self awareness def
Understanding how emotions affect your ability to respond to situations
498
Emotional intelligence self management
ability to control your emotions and direct your behavior in a positive manner.
499
Emotional intelligence social awareness
the ability to recognize emotions in others.
500
emotional intelligence relationship management
the ability to understand your emotions and the emotions of others and how they interact
501
personality assessment 4 categories
dominance influence steadiness conscientiousness
502
problem solving best practices
must be
ethical,
systematic
targeted
collaborative
transparent
503
SERVE
spotting
ethical
research
develop
evaluate
504
explicit bias
When people associate one or more characteristics with a negative stereotype
505
implicit bias
not based on hostility or hatred, can be subconscious
506
confirmation bias
when people automatically apply a stereotype without exception, we see what we expect.
507
negative bias
occurs when people place more weight on negative values
508
us vs them
occurs when officers view the public as the enemy or a source of trouble.
509
code of silence
in group bias of unconditional support, officers covering up the crimes of other officers. or remaining silent about those crimes.
510
corruption
could be based on
money
power
excitement
acceptance
frustration
511
noble cause corruption
committing perjury
writing false police reports
planting or fabricating evidence
512
Word choice
Repeat messages verbatim to avoid confusion using consistent words and terms
513
proxemics
14 inches intimate
4 feet personal
4-10 social,
10-25 public
514
what percent of a message comes from what is said?
less than 10 % the rest come from, proxemics, body language, posture, hand gestures, facial expression, and eye contact
515
body language
up to 90% of a message, use open body language to demonstrate active listening and confidence
516
active listening
a combination of body language, questioning and summarizing
