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M Eval > Finals: Ankle & Foot > Flashcards

Finals: Ankle & Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What are the joints for each 3 DIVISIONS OF THE FOOT
HINDFOOT
MIDFOOT
FOREFOOT

A

HINDFOOT; Tibiofibular joint, Talocrural joint, Subtalar joint
MIDFOOT; Midtarsal joint
FOREFOOT; Tarsometatarsal joint, Intermetatarsal joint, Metatarso phalangeal joint

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2
Q

Resting position of Tibiofibular Joint

A

Plantar flexion

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3
Q

Closed packed position of the Tibiofibular joint

A

Maximum dorsiflexion

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4
Q

Capsular pattern of Tibiofibular joint

A

Pain when joint is stress

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5
Q

Capsular pattern of Talocrural

A

plantar flexion, dorsiflexion

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5
Q

Resting position of Talocrural joint

A

10 deg plantar flexion, midway between inversion and eversion

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6
Q

closed packed position of Talocrural joint

A

Maximum dorsiflexion

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7
Q

Capsular pattern of Subtalar joint

A

Limited ROM (varus, valgus)

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7
Q

Resting position of the Subtalar joint

A

Midway b/w extreme ROM

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8
Q

Resting position, closed packed position, and capsular pattern of Tarsometatarsal joint

A

RP:
CPP:
CP:

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8
Q

Closed packed position of Subtalar joint

A

Supination

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9
Q

Resting position of the Midtarsal joints

A

Midway b/w extreme ROM

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9
Q

Capsular pattern of the Midtarsal Joint

A

Dorsiflexion, plantarflexiojn, adduction, Medial rotation

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10
Q

Closed packed position of the Midtarsal joint

A

Supination

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11
Q

Resting position, closed packed position, and capsular pattern of Metatarsophalengeal joint

A
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11
Q

Syndesmosis joint is Supported by 4 ligaments:

A

Inferior transverse
Anterior tibiofibular
Posterior tibiofibular
Interosseous ligaments

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11
Q

Maneuvers that stress the joint (tibiofibular joint)

A

dorsiflexion and lateral rotation (external rotation)

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12
Q

Resting position, closed packed position, and capsular pattern of Interphalangeal joint

A
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13
Q

Synovial joint
Uniaxial, hinge joint
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

A

TALOCRURAL/ANKLE JOINT

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13
Q

HIGH ANKLE SPRAIN Mechanism of injury and manifestation

A

MOI: dorsiflexion and ER
Manifestations:
Pain Above the malleoli
Swelling on distal tibiofibular joint

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14
Q

Components of Ankle mortise

A

connects end of tibia and fibula to talus

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14
Q

Lateral collateral ligaments

A

antafi, potafi, cafi)
Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament

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14
Q

What ligament will be affected if the MOi is Plantarflexion and invert

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

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15
Q

What ligament will be affected if the MOi is Neutral and inversion/pure inversion injury

A

Calcaneofibular ligament

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15
Q

What ligament will be affected if the MOi is Dorsiflexion and inversion

A

Posterior talofibular ligament

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16
Q

Medial collateral ligaments / Deltoid

A

(antati, potati, cati, tina)
Anterior talotibial
Posterior talotibial
Calcaneotibial
Tibionavicular

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17
Q

Weakest ligament: ?
Strongest ligament: ?
Strongest ligament on LATERAL SIDE: ?

A

Weakest ligament: ATFL
Strongest ligament: Deltoid
Strongest ligament on LATERAL SIDE: PTFL

18
Q

Arches are maintained by:

A

Wedging of the interlocking tarsal and metatarsal bones
Tightening of the ligaments on the plantar aspect of the foot
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot and their tendons

18
Q

T or F
ANKLE SPRAIN
Most common: INVERSION SPRAIN

A

TRUE

18
Q

Composition of the Transverse arch

A

Navicular 123, cuneiforms, cuboid, and metatarsal
Keystone: 2nd cuneiform
Loss of this results in callus formation
Stabilizers: TA, TP, PL, PF

18
Q

aka talocalcaneal
Synovial joint
Bounded by interossesous talocalcaneal ligament (proprioceptive subtalat center)
inversion/eversion primarily comes from

A

SUBTALAR JOINT

18
Q

Minimal movement
Sharing force over the hindfoot and midfoot
Chopart’s joint
Surgeon’s joint, transverse tarsal joint
Combination of talocalcaneal and navicularcuboid joint
inversion/eversion, adduction/abduction

A

MIDTARSAL JOINTS

18
Q

Tarometatarsal joints
Lisfranc’s joint
Intermetatarsal joints
Metatarsophalangeal joints

A

FOREFOOT JOINT

18
Q

Components of Lateral longitudinal arch

A

Calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th metatarsal bones
Keystone: cuboid
Stabilizers; PL, PB, PT, abductor digiti minimi, FDB, plantar fascia, plantar ligaments

18
Q

Composition of the Medial longitudinal arch

A

Slightly questionable Calcaneus, talus, navicular 3 cuneiforms, 1st, 2nd, 3rd metatarsal bone
Keystone: talus (most reliable) and navicular
Stabilizers:
TA, TP, FDL, FHL, FDP, AbH
Spring ligament: maintains MLA

18
Q

Howe are the arches of the foot maintained

A

Wedging of the interlocking tarsal and metatarsal bones
Tightening of the ligaments on the plantar aspect of the foot
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot and their tendons

18
Q

Supports foot sole, extends from calcaneus to metatarsal heads
Attachment for extrinsic muscles
Key role in push-off mechanism

A

Plantar Fascia

18
Q

heel pain, swelling, especially during weight-bearing
Windlass Test: is for?

A

Plantar fasciitis: heel pain, swelling, especially during weight-bearing
.
Windlass Test: Positive with pain at insertion or toe

19
Q

Pronation vs. Supination of the foot

A

Pronation: Eversion of the heel
OKC: Abduction, eversion, dorsiflexion
.
Supination: Inversion of the heel
OKC: Adduction, inversion, plantarflexion
.
🔖 OKC: Pronation (PADIS), Supination (DABEP)
🔖 CKC: Pronation (DABIS), Supination (PADEP)

19
Q

Forefoot Types

A

Index Plus: Egyptian foot, 1>2>3>4>5
Index Minus: Morton’s/greek foot, 1<2>3>4>5
Index Plus-Minus: Squared foot, 1=2>3>4>5

19
Q

Foot weight distribution

A

50-60% heel, 40-50% metatarsal heads

19
Q

normal range of Fick angle (toe out)

A

Normal range 5-18 degrees

19
Q

Forefoot deviates inward (medially)
Often associated with hindfoot ___
Causes weight to shift laterally

A

Forefoot varus

19
Q

Forefoot deviates outward (laterally)
Associated with hindfoot ___
Weight distribution shifts medially

A

Forefoot valgus

19
Q

Condition where the forefoot is angled inward towards the midline of the body.
The first metatarsal is abducted, and the remaining metatarsals may also be adducted.
May lead to in toeing gait pattern.

A

Metatarsus Adductus

19
Q

Characteristics:
- High arches, typically non-weight bearing on heel and metatarsal heads
- Increased pressure on heel and ball of foot
- Limited shock absorption, leading to foot pain and fatigue
Causes:
Congenital factors
Neurological conditions like spina bifida, polio, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT)

A

Pes Cavus (Hollow Foot or Rigid Foot)

19
Q

Characteristics:
- Absence or lowered arch of the foot, especially when weight-bearing
- Medial longitudinal arch collapses towards the ground
- Overpronation, where the foot rolls inward excessively
Causes:
Congenital factors or acquired through trauma, muscle weakness, ligament laxity, or poor posture
Common in infants and toddlers, but may persist into adulthood
May lead to foot pain, fatigue, and difficulties in gait and balance

A

Pes Planus (Flatfoot or Mobile Foot)

19
Q

Hallux Valgus angles

A

Congruous valgus: 20-30 degrees
Pathological: 20-60 degrees

19
Q

Common cause of hallux valgus
Increased intermetatarsal or metatarsal angle (>15°)
Associated with hallux valgus deformity

A

Metatarsus Primus Varus

19
Q

Injury to the first metatarsophalangeal joint
Common in athletes, especially on artificial turf

A

Turf Toe:

19
Q

Flexion deformity of distal interphalangeal joint
Often asymptomatic, associated with ill-fitting shoes

A

Mallet Toe:

19
Q

Flexion deformity at metatarsophalangeal joint
Flexion at proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
Associated with muscle imbalances

A

Claw Toe:

19
Q

Extension contracture at metatarsophalangeal joint
Flexion contracture at proximal interphalangeal joint
Commonly affects second toe

A

Hammer Toe:

19
Q

Congenital deformity, multifactorial genetic causes
Resistant type may require surgery
Limited ROM, abnormal foot form

A

Clubfoot:

20
Q

Medial deviation of toe, often second or third
Associated with hallux valgus and weakening of lateral collateral ligament

A

Crossover Toe:

20
Q

Flexion deformity of proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
Seen in children, commonly in fifth toe

A

Curly Toe:

20
Q

Limited dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint
Can affect gait and lead to other foot problems

A

Equinus Deformity (Talipes Equinus):

20
Q

Anterior compartment syndrome
Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome
Dorsiflexion impairment, foot drop
Sensory loss in dorsal foot

A

Deep Peroneal Nerve Injury:

20
Q

Branch of common peroneal nerve
Evertor muscle weakness or pathology
Sensory loss over dorsal foot and lateral leg

A

Superficial Peroneal Nerve Injury:

20
Q

Popliteal entrapment syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Posterior muscle weakness, plantarflexion impairment
Sensory loss in sole of foot

A

Tibial Nerve Injury:

20
Q

Lateral aspect of foot sensory loss
Result of direct trauma or injury

A

Medial Plantar Nerve Injury:

21
Q

Abductor hallucis, quadratus plantae weakness
Sensory loss in lateral foot region

A

Lateral Plantar Nerve Injury:

22
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q
A

M Eval (15 decks)

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