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BIOCHEM LEC > FINALS: CENTRAL DOGMA > Flashcards

FINALS: CENTRAL DOGMA Flashcards

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1
Q

Biochemical process by which DNA molecules
produces exact duplicates of themselves.

A

DNA REPLICATION

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2
Q

DNA‘s code must be copied and taken to the
cytosol.

A

DNA TRANSCRIPTION

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3
Q

The process of copying the sequence of one DNA
strand, the TEMPLATE STRAND.

A

TRANSCRIPTION

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4
Q

the process of decoding the mRNA into a
polypeptide chain.

A

TRANSLATION

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5
Q

FACTS ON DNA REPLICATION
* DNA has to be ______ before a cell divides.
* DNA is copied during the __ or ______phase of
interphase.
* NEW CELLS will need ______ DNA strands.

A

copied; S, synthesis; identical

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6
Q

Cellular contents are duplicated
EXCEPT for the Chromosomes.

A

G1

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7
Q

Each of the 46 Chromosomes is
duplicated by the cell.

A

S

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8
Q

The cell “Double Checks” the
duplicated Chromosomes for error,
making any needed repairs.

A

G2

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9
Q

G1,S, G2

A

INTERPHASE

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10
Q

of hydrogen bonds of Adenine and Thymine

A

2

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11
Q

of hydrogen bonds of Guanine and Cytosine

A

3

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12
Q

3 replication models

A

conservative
semi-conservative
dispersive

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13
Q
  • New strand is ½ parent template.
  • ½ new DNA
A

SEMI-CONSERVAYIVE MODEL

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14
Q

breaks the hydrogen bonds of the parent DNA strands at the replication forks, which gives two separate DNA strands

A

Helicase

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15
Q

attach to the separated strands to keep them apart and the bases exposed

A

single-strand binding protein

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16
Q

synthesizes short RNA segments called primers that are starting points for DNA polymerase

A

Primase

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17
Q

catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages on the new DNA strands between the 3’ ends of the growing chains and available complementary nucleotides

A

DNA Polymerase

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18
Q

DNA polymerase adds _________ continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction to a growing DNA chain

A

nucleotides

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19
Q

At each primer, DNA polymerase form short, separate segments until it reaches the next primer and stops

A

Okazaki fragments

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20
Q

joins the okazaki framents

A

DNA ligase

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21
Q

DNA REPLICATION (1st step) Begins at a site called

A

ORIGIN OF REPLICATION

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22
Q

DNA REPLICATION (1st step) New strands grow at the

A

replication forks

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23
Q

DNA REPLICATION (1st step)
As the two strands open at the origin, ______________ ______________ form.

A

REPLICATION
BUBBLES

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24
Q

single bubble

A

PROKARYOTES (bacteria) –

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25
many bubbles.
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
26
Attach and keep 2 DNA strands separated and untwisted.
SINGLE-STRAND BINDING PROTEINS
27
Attaches to the 2 forks of the bubble to relieve stress on the DNA molecule as it separates
TOPOISOMERASE
28
the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA PRIMER.
PRIMASE
29
A ________ is created to start the new strand.
“PRIMER”
30
DNA REPLICATION (2nd step)
Build daughter DNA strand.
31
Can operate on forming DNA daughter strand only in the 5-to-3 direction.
DNA polymerase III
32
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the __ end of the DNA.
3’
33
Exonuclease activity removes RNA primer and replaces with newly synthesized DNA.
DNA pol I
34
Repair function
DNA pol II
35
Main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’-3’ direction.
DNA pol III
36
DNA‘s code must be copied and taken to the ______.
cytosol
37
In the cytoplasm, DNA code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make ____________ (proteins).
polypeptides
38
: copies the template strand
mRNA
39
TRANSCRIPTION Requires the enzyme _______________.
RNA Polymerase
40
Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template to assemble complementary __________ into messenger RNA (mRNA).
nucleotides
41
Identifies gene start and end points on the DNA to initiate and terminate transcription.
RNA POLYMERASE
42
Recognizes the correct DNA strand to avoid transcribing non-informative DNA strands.
RNA POLYMERASE
43
RNA polymerase binds to the DNA of the gene at a region called the
PROMOTER
44
major sites in which gene expression is controlled.
PROMOTER.
45
a DNA sequence
TATA Box
46
indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded
TATA Box
47
A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
48
Stabilize or block the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
49
Control when, where, and how efficiently RNA polymerase’s function.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
50
Termination of transcription comes about when the polymerase enzyme recognizes a DNA region known as a
terminator sequence
51
Site of protein synthesis.
rRNA
52
Carries information for protein synthesis from the DNA to the ribosomes.
mRNA
53
Brings specific amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.
tRNA
54
RNA that facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA.
SMALL NUCLEAR RNA (snRNA)
55
RNA formed directly by DNA transcription.
HETEROGENOUS NUCLEAR RNA (hnRNA)
56
SMALL NUCLEAR RNA (snRNA) It contains from ___ to ___ nucleotides.
100; 200
57
hRNA to actual mRNA
Addition of a 5' cap; Addition of a poly-A tail
58
a modified guanine nucleotide.
5’ cap
59
protects the transcript from being broken down.
5’ cap
60
used as a recognition signal for ribosomes to bind to the mRNA.
5’ cap
61
plays a role in the stability of the mRNA
3’ tail
62
AAAA to 3’ end of RNA transcript are added
polyadenylation
63
Process of removing introns from an hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule.
RNA SPLICING
64
A gene segment that conveys (codes for) genetic information
EXONS
65
Is a gene segment that does not convey (code for) genetic information.
INTRONS
66
DNA TRANSLATION STOP CODON
TAA TAG TGA
67
ead mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time
RIBOSOMES
68
RIBOSOMES Composed of rRNA (____) and proteins (____)
40% 60%
69
Holds the Aminoacyl-tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added.
A SITE
70
Holds the tRNA molecule carrying the growing polypeptide chain.
Peptidyl-tRNA site
71
Where tRNA molecules leave the ribosome.
Exit site.
72
Single stranded molecule with ATTACHMENT SITE at one end for an amino acid.
TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
73
Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the .
ANTICODON
74
An enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA.
AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE
75
AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETAS Catalyzes the ______________ of a specific amino acid to one of its compatible tRNAs to form an aminoacyltRNA
esterification
76
Starts with mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit, positioning the initiating codon AUG in the P site.
INITIATION
77
An activated tRNA with a complementary anticodon to the codon AUG attaches to it through base pairing
INITIATION
78
The resulting complex then interacts with a large ribosomal subunit to complete the formation of an initiation complex.
INITIATION
79
The mRNA moves a codon at a time relative to the ribosome.
ELONGATION
80
A tRNA pairs with each codon, adding an amino acid to the growing polypeptide.
ELONGATION
81
A STOP codon causes the mRNA-ribosome complex to fall apart.
ELONGATION
82
Requires energy
ELONGATION: TRANSLOCATION
83
o tRNA from P site to E site: Leaves ribosome o tRNA from A site to P site: Polypeptide returns to P site, ready for next polymerization. * A site is now empty. o Next aatRNA can bind.
ELONGATION: TRANSLOCATION
84
At STOP CODON a protein called ___________ binds to A site (no tRNA for stop codon, thus no aatRNA).
RELEASE FACTOR
85
Release Factor: o Adds of _______ molecule instead of amino acid to polypeptide. o ____________hydrolyzed from tRNA in P site and released.
water;Polypeptide
86
Met residue is removed by ______.
hydrolysis
87
______hydrolysis reaction releases the polypeptide chain from its tRNA carrier.
Second
88
Some covalent modification of a protein can occur, such as the formation of disulfide bridges between cysteine residues.
POST-TRANSLATION PROCESSING
89
Completion of the folding of polypeptides into their active conformations occurs.
POST-TRANSLATION PROCESSING

BIOCHEM LEC (11 decks)

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