FINALS - LIVER FUNCTION

Question 1

What bodily consequence occurs within approximately 24 hours if the liver becomes completely nonfunctional?

Answer 1

Hypoglycemia

Question 2

Which function is performed by the liver in relation to proteins?

Answer 2

Protein metabolism

Question 3

What happens to the liver when it is damaged repeatedly over a long period of time?

Answer 3

It undergoes irreversible changes

Question 4

Which substance is NOT cleared by the liver into bile or blood for excretion?

Answer 4

Essential vitamins

Question 5

What unique ability does the liver possess?

Answer 5

Cell regeneration

Question 6

Which pathology is the focus of the chapter in the context of the liver?

Answer 6

Liver disorders

Question 7

The liver’s ability to regenerate is limited in the case of what type of damage?

Answer 7

Long-term repeated injury

Question 8

What would indicate the liver’s detoxification function?

Answer 8

Conversion of ammonia to urea

Question 9

What does the chapter specifically focus on regarding the liver?

Answer 9

Normal structure and function, pathology, and diagnostic tests

Question 10

Metabolism of which substance is NOT a function of the liver?

Answer 10

Nucleic acids

Question 11

What is the approximate weight of a healthy adult liver?

Answer 11

1.2 to 1.5 kg

Question 12

Where is the liver located in the body?

Answer 12

Beneath and attached to the diaphragm

Question 13

Which lobe of the liver is the largest?

Answer 13

Right lobe

Question 13

Approximately how much larger is the right lobe compared to the left lobe?

Answer 13

Six times larger

Question 13

What ligament divides the liver into two lobes?

Answer 13

Falciform ligament

Question 14

What percentage of the liver’s blood supply comes from the hepatic artery?

Answer 14

25%

Question 15

What is the primary function of the portal vein in the liver?

Answer 15

Supplies nutrient-rich blood

Question 16

What vein is responsible for merging the blood supplies in the liver?

Answer 16

Hepatic sinusoid

Question 17

How much blood passes through the liver per minute?

Answer 17

1500 mL

Question 18

Where does the liver’s excretory system begin?

Answer 18

Bile canaliculi

Question 19

What do intrahepatic ducts form when they join together?

Answer 19

Right and left hepatic ducts

Question 20

Where are combined digestive secretions ultimately expelled?

Answer 20

Duodenum

Question 21

What are the microscopic units of the liver called?

Answer 21

Lobules

Question 21

What structure is centrally located within each liver lobule?

Answer 21

Central vein

Question 22

What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

Answer 22

Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris

Question 23

What type of cells make up approximately 80% of the liver's volume?

Answer 23

Hepatocytes

Question 24

What is the principal pigment found in bile?

Answer 24

Bilirubin

Question 25

For how many days does a red blood cell typically live before being phagocytized?

Answer 25

120 days

Question 26

Which of the following does NOT happen to hemoglobin after red blood cells are phagocytized?

Answer 26

Converted to bile acids

Question 27

How much bile does the body excrete per day?

Answer 27

1L

Question 28

How long does it take for the heme portion of hemoglobin to be converted to bilirubin?

Answer 28

2-3 hours

Question 29

What would happen if the liver becomes nonfunctional?

Answer 29

Death within 24 hours

Question 29

Which cell type in the liver is responsible for its regenerative properties?

Answer 29

Hepatocytes

Question 30

What is the principal pigment in bile?

Answer 30

Bilirubin

Question 31

How much bile does the body produce approximately per day?

Answer 31

3 L

Question 32

What form of bilirubin is water-soluble?

Answer 32

Conjugated bilirubin

Question 33

Which enzyme is responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin?

Answer 33

UDPGT

Question 34

Which product gives stool its brown color?

Answer 34

Stercobilin

Question 35

What percentage of urobilinogen is oxidized to urobilin and excreted in feces?

Answer 35

80%

Question 36

How much bilirubin is produced per day in a healthy adult?

Answer 36

200 to 300 mg

Question 37

What is the range of total bilirubin in the serum of a healthy adult?

Answer 37

0.2 to 1.0 mg/dL

Question 38

What is the principal storage form of glucose in the liver?

Answer 38

Glycogen

Question 39

Which process describes the liver breaking down glycogen to glucose?

Answer 39

Glycogenolysis

Question 40

What percentage of daily cholesterol production is produced by the liver?

Answer 40

70%

Question 41

What is produced during the deamination of amino acids in the liver?

Answer 41

Ammonium ions

Question 42

Which process involves the liver creating glucose from non-sugar substrates like pyruvate, lactate, and amino acids?

Answer 42

Gluconeogenesis

Question 43

What is jaundice caused by?

Answer 43

Retention of bilirubin

Question 44

At what level of bilirubin does jaundice become noticeable to the human eye?

Answer 44

3.0 to 5.0 mg/dL

Question 45

What is the term 'icterus' used to describe?

Answer 45

Yellow discoloration due to bilirubin in the serum or plasma

Question 46

Which type of jaundice is caused by an intrinsic liver defect or disease?

Answer 46

Hepatic jaundice

Question 47

What type of jaundice results from increased red blood cell destruction?

Answer 47

Prehepatic jaundice

Question 48

What is the term for increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin in prehepatic jaundice?

Answer 48

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Question 49

Which type of bilirubin is bound to albumin and is not detected in urine?

Answer 49

Unconjugated bilirubin

Question 50

Which syndrome is associated with intermittent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and has no morbidity or mortality in the majority of affected individuals?

Answer 50

Gilbert's syndrome

Question 51

Which syndrome is characterized by a complete absence of enzymatic bilirubin conjugation?

Answer 51

Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1

Question 52

What is the main substance causing yellow discoloration in samples referred to as 'icteric'?

Answer 52

Bilirubin

Question 52

Which syndrome is caused by a deficiency in the canalicular multidrug resistance/multispecific organic anionic transporter protein (MDR2/cMOAT)?

Answer 52

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

Question 53

Which genetic mutation results in Gilbert’s syndrome?

Answer 53

Mutation in UGT1A1 gene

Question 54

What replaces normal, healthy liver tissue in cirrhosis?

Answer 54

Scar tissue

Question 55

What percentage of hepatic malignancies are classified as metastatic?

Answer 55

90% to 95%

Question 56

Which of the following cancers commonly spread to the liver?

Answer 56

Colon cancer

Question 57

What is a common benign tumor of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in females of childbearing age?

Answer 57

Hepatocellular adenoma

Question 58

Which condition is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide?

Answer 58

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 59

Which rare hepatic malignancy is found specifically in children?

Answer 59

Hepatoblastoma

Question 60

What acute illness features noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty liver degeneration?

Answer 60

Reye’s syndrome

Question 61

During which stage of Reye’s syndrome does loss of brain stem reflexes occur?

Answer 61

Stage 5

Question 62

What percentage of acute liver failure cases in the United States are attributed to drug-induced liver disease?

Answer 62

One-third to one-half

Question 63

Which substance is identified as the most important drug associated with hepatic toxicity?

Answer 63

Ethanol

Question 64

What percentage of alcohol is transported to the liver for metabolism after being absorbed from the stomach and small intestines?

Answer 64

90%

Question 65

Which of the following conditions is associated with increased levels of urinary urobilinogen?

Answer 65

Hemolytic disease