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GE-CHEM > Finals: Nucleic acid > Flashcards

Finals: Nucleic acid Flashcards

1
Q

an unbranched polymer in which the
monomer units are nucleotides.

A

Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

functions of nucleic acids

A

Provides information on how to make new cells

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3
Q

location of nucleic acids

A

Initially found in cell nuclei and are acidic in nature; hence the name nucleic acid

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4
Q

who discovered nucleic acids

A

Friedrich Miescher in 1869 while studying the nuclei of white blood cells.

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5
Q

Type of nucleic acid:

  1. It is found within the cell nucleus
  2. Stores and transfers genetic
    information
  3. Passes from existing cells to
    new cells during cell division
A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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6
Q

Type of nucleic acid:

  1. Occurs in all parts of a cell
  2. Primary function is the
    synthesis of proteins
A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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7
Q

what are the components of a nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar, Heterocyclic base, Phosphate group (PO43-)

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8
Q

a three-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base.

A

Nucleotide

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9
Q

what are the components of a nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar §Heterocyclic base §Phosphate group (PO43-)

all of these are covalently bonded together

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9
Q

The structural difference between ribose and pentose 2′ - deoxyribose occurs at

A

carbon 2′

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10
Q

Pentose sugar: present in ribose

A

-OH Group

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11
Q

pentose sugar:
present in 2’-deoxyribose

A

-H atom

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12
Q

pentose sugar: present in RNA

A

Ribose

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13
Q

pentose sugar:
present in DNA

A

2’-Deoxyribose

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14
Q

what are the 5 total nitrogen containing heterocylic bases?

A

3 pyrimidine deriatives - thyme (T), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)

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15
Q

What are the 2 purine derivatives?

A

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

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16
Q

Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine are found in both

A

DNA
and RNA

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17
Q

found only in RNA

A

uracil

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18
Q

found only in DNA

A

Thymine

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19
Q

The third component of a nucleotide

A

phosphate

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19
Q

Derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

A

phosphate

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20
Q

it loses how what and how many in result of formation of a ?

A

2 hydrogen atoms, hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO 4^-2)

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20
Q

the sequence in which nucleotides are linked together in a nucleic acid.

A

Primary nucleic acid structure

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21
Q

nucleotide directionality:

5’ end

A

a free phosphate group attached
to the 5’ carbon atom

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22
Q

nucleotide directionality: 3’ end

A

a free hydroxyl group attached to the 3’ carbon

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23
Q

The name of the polynucleotide is named from:

A

5’ -> 3’ end
ü 5’ C-A-T-G 3’

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24
Q
  • Primary structure depends on the
A

sequence of bases present

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25
Q

The alternating sugar-phosphate chain in a nucleic acid structure is often called the

A

nucleic acid backbone

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26
Q

this is called the nucleic acid backbone

A

alternating sugar-phosphate chain in a nucleic acid structure

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27
Q

For DNA molecules, the backbone consists of alternating

A

phosphate and deoxyribose sugar units;

28
Q

For RNA molecules, the backbone consists of alternating

A

phosphate and ribose sugar units

29
Q

a nucleotide polymer

A

dna and rna

30
Q

Contains 2-deoxyribose

A

dna

31
Q

does not contain in uracil

A

dna

32
Q

resistant to base hydrolysis

A

dna

33
Q

contains ribose

A

rna

34
Q

does not contain thymine

A

rna

35
Q

sensitive to base hydrolysis

A

rna

36
Q

how do u specify a primary structure for a nucleic acid?

A

done by listing nucleotide base components in sequential order starting with the base at the 5’ end of the nucleotide strand.

37
Q

Double helix: In addition to primary structures, nucleic acids also have

A

secondary and tertiary structures

38
Q

Amounts of ______ present in DNA molecules helped determine the three- dimensional structure of the DNA molecules

A

A,T,G, and C

39
Q

Human DNA contains:

A

30% adenine
30% thymine
20% guanine
20% cytosine

39
Q

Chargaff’s Rule:

A

of A = # of T
o # of G = # of C

40
Q

A pyrimidine is always paired with a purine

A

Base pairing

41
Q

Fits inside the DNA double strand

A
42
Q

It is the most favored in A–T
and G–C pairs

A

hydrogen bonding

42
Q

G-C pairs are held together by

A

3 hydrogen bonds

43
Q

a pair termed complementary

A

A–T and G–C pairing

44
Q

are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds

A

G-C Pairs

45
Q

are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds

A

A-T pairs

46
Q

A-T pairs are held together by

A

2 hydrogen bonds

46
Q

Which of the following pairs is easier to break?

A

A-T Pairs

47
Q

what happens in DNA sequence

A
  1. Bases on each strand extend inwardly toward each other
  2. They are connected by hydrogen bonds
  3. They run in opposite directions
48
Q

Two polynucleotide strands are coiled around each other in a spiral

A

DNA Sequence

49
Q

The total, unique DNA content of an organism is called its

A

genome

49
Q

DNA carries the genetic information of the

A

blueprint

50
Q

RNA carries the genetic information from DNA for the

A

synthesis of proteins necessary for cellular function.

51
Q

DNA molecules aggregate to form

A

chromosomes where
the different genes are allocated.

52
Q

produce enough copies for itself and the production of a daughter cell during mitosis

A

Replication

52
Q

Important enzymes in DNA
replication include:

A
  1. DNA Helicase
  2. DNA Polymerase
  3. DNA Ligase
53
Q

responsible
for unwinding the DNA
double helix

A

DNA Helicase

54
Q

RNA is formed by _____ in order to carry information from DNA for protein synthesis.

A

transcription

55
Q

This process protects the DNA from mutations.

A

Transcription

56
Q

Important enzyme in this transcription process is

A

RNA polymerase

57
Q

The processing of information stored in DNA into biomolecules that dictate biochemical processes in the cell involve three steps:

A

Replication, Transcription, Translation

58
Q

Replication, Transcription, Translation
are steps reffered to the

A

central dogma of molecular biology

59
Q

Changes in DNA structure will affect the structure of proteins produced during translation

A

Mutations

60
Q

Alterations in the structure of DNA are called

A

mutation

61
Q

is a natural process observed in organisms. Mutations
in the molecular level bring about the evolution of organisms
through the passage of time

A

mutations

62
Q

Mutations can arise from exposure to physical or chemical agents that cause changes in DNA structure called

A

mutagens

63
Q

substitution of one nucleotide to another

A

Point Mutation

64
Q

removal of one or more nucleotides

A

Deletion Mutation

65
Q

one or more nucleotides are added into the sequence

A

Insertion Mutation

66
Q

change in the DNA structure that does not change the amino acid coded

A

Silent Mutation

GE-CHEM (5 decks)

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