Finals: Nucleic acid

Question 1

an unbranched polymer in which the
monomer units are nucleotides.

Answer 1

Nucleic Acids

Question 2

functions of nucleic acids

Answer 2

Provides information on how to make new cells

Question 3

location of nucleic acids

Answer 3

Initially found in cell nuclei and are acidic in nature; hence the name nucleic acid

Question 4

who discovered nucleic acids

Answer 4

Friedrich Miescher in 1869 while studying the nuclei of white blood cells.

Question 5

Type of nucleic acid:

1. It is found within the cell nucleus
2. Stores and transfers genetic
   information
3. Passes from existing cells to
   new cells during cell division

Answer 5

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 6

Type of nucleic acid:

1. Occurs in all parts of a cell
2. Primary function is the
   synthesis of proteins

Answer 6

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Question 7

what are the components of a nucleotide

Answer 7

Pentose sugar, Heterocyclic base, Phosphate group (PO43-)

Question 8

a three-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base.

Answer 8

Nucleotide

Question 9

what are the components of a nucleotide

Answer 9

Pentose sugar §Heterocyclic base §Phosphate group (PO43-)

all of these are covalently bonded together

Question 9

The structural difference between ribose and pentose 2′ - deoxyribose occurs at

Answer 9

carbon 2′

Question 10

Pentose sugar: present in ribose

Answer 10

-OH Group

Question 11

pentose sugar:
present in 2’-deoxyribose

Answer 11

-H atom

Question 12

pentose sugar: present in RNA

Answer 12

Ribose

Question 13

pentose sugar:
present in DNA

Answer 13

2’-Deoxyribose

Question 14

what are the 5 total nitrogen containing heterocylic bases?

Answer 14

3 pyrimidine deriatives - thyme (T), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)

Question 15

What are the 2 purine derivatives?

Answer 15

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Question 16

Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine are found in both

Answer 16

DNA
and RNA

Question 17

found only in RNA

Answer 17

uracil

Question 18

found only in DNA

Answer 18

Thymine

Question 19

The third component of a nucleotide

Answer 19

phosphate

Question 19

Derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

Answer 19

phosphate

Question 20

it loses how what and how many in result of formation of a ?

Answer 20

2 hydrogen atoms, hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO 4^-2)

Question 20

the sequence in which nucleotides are linked together in a nucleic acid.

Answer 20

Primary nucleic acid structure

Question 21

nucleotide directionality:

5’ end

Answer 21

a free phosphate group attached
to the 5’ carbon atom

Question 22

nucleotide directionality: 3’ end

Answer 22

a free hydroxyl group attached to the 3’ carbon

Question 23

The name of the polynucleotide is named from:

Answer 23

5’ -> 3’ end ü 5’ C-A-T-G 3’

Question 24

* Primary structure depends on the

Answer 24

sequence of bases present

Question 25

The alternating sugar-phosphate chain in a nucleic acid structure is often called the

Answer 25

nucleic acid backbone

Question 26

this is called the nucleic acid backbone

Answer 26

alternating sugar-phosphate chain in a nucleic acid structure

Question 27

For DNA molecules, the backbone consists of alternating

Answer 27

phosphate and deoxyribose sugar units;

Question 28

For RNA molecules, the backbone consists of alternating

Answer 28

phosphate and ribose sugar units

Question 29

a nucleotide polymer

Answer 29

dna and rna

Question 30

Contains 2-deoxyribose

Answer 30

dna

Question 31

does not contain in uracil

Answer 31

dna

Question 32

resistant to base hydrolysis

Answer 32

dna

Question 33

contains ribose

Answer 33

rna

Question 34

does not contain thymine

Answer 34

rna

Question 35

sensitive to base hydrolysis

Answer 35

rna

Question 36

how do u specify a primary structure for a nucleic acid?

Answer 36

done by listing nucleotide base components in sequential order starting with the base at the 5’ end of the nucleotide strand.

Question 37

Double helix: In addition to primary structures, nucleic acids also have

Answer 37

secondary and tertiary structures

Question 38

Amounts of ______ present in DNA molecules helped determine the three- dimensional structure of the DNA molecules

Answer 38

A,T,G, and C

Question 39

Human DNA contains:

Answer 39

30% adenine 30% thymine 20% guanine 20% cytosine

Question 39

Chargaff’s Rule:

Answer 39

of A = # of T o # of G = # of C

Question 40

A pyrimidine is always paired with a purine

Answer 40

Base pairing

Question 41

Fits inside the DNA double strand

Question 42

It is the most favored in A–T and G–C pairs

Answer 42

hydrogen bonding

Question 42

G-C pairs are held together by

Answer 42

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 43

a pair termed complementary

Answer 43

A–T and G–C pairing

Question 44

are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds

Answer 44

G-C Pairs

Question 45

are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds

Answer 45

A-T pairs

Question 46

A-T pairs are held together by

Answer 46

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 46

Which of the following pairs is easier to break?

Answer 46

A-T Pairs

Question 47

what happens in DNA sequence

Answer 47

1. Bases on each strand extend inwardly toward each other 2. They are connected by hydrogen bonds 3. They run in opposite directions

Question 48

Two polynucleotide strands are coiled around each other in a spiral

Answer 48

DNA Sequence

Question 49

The total, unique DNA content of an organism is called its

Answer 49

genome

Question 49

DNA carries the genetic information of the

Answer 49

blueprint

Question 50

RNA carries the genetic information from DNA for the

Answer 50

synthesis of proteins necessary for cellular function.

Question 51

DNA molecules aggregate to form

Answer 51

chromosomes where the different genes are allocated.

Question 52

produce enough copies for itself and the production of a daughter cell during mitosis

Answer 52

Replication

Question 52

Important enzymes in DNA replication include:

Answer 52

1. DNA Helicase 2. DNA Polymerase 3. DNA Ligase

Question 53

responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix

Answer 53

DNA Helicase

Question 54

RNA is formed by _____ in order to carry information from DNA for protein synthesis.

Answer 54

transcription

Question 55

This process protects the DNA from mutations.

Answer 55

Transcription

Question 56

Important enzyme in this transcription process is

Answer 56

RNA polymerase

Question 57

The processing of information stored in DNA into biomolecules that dictate biochemical processes in the cell involve three steps:

Answer 57

Replication, Transcription, Translation

Question 58

Replication, Transcription, Translation are steps reffered to the

Answer 58

central dogma of molecular biology

Question 59

Changes in DNA structure will affect the structure of proteins produced during translation

Answer 59

Mutations

Question 60

Alterations in the structure of DNA are called

Answer 60

mutation

Question 61

is a natural process observed in organisms. Mutations in the molecular level bring about the evolution of organisms through the passage of time

Answer 61

mutations

Question 62

Mutations can arise from exposure to physical or chemical agents that cause changes in DNA structure called

Answer 62

mutagens

Question 63

substitution of one nucleotide to another

Answer 63

Point Mutation

Question 64

removal of one or more nucleotides

Answer 64

Deletion Mutation

Question 65

one or more nucleotides are added into the sequence

Answer 65

Insertion Mutation

Question 66

change in the DNA structure that does not change the amino acid coded

Answer 66

Silent Mutation