Finals Psych 101 Chap 15 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What defines a psychological disorder and what is the most important marker of one?
A psychological disorder involves dysfunction and distress that interfere with daily life. The best marker is functional impairment.
Describe the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders.
Disorders result from an interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors, weighted differently depending on the condition.
What is the diathesis-stress model?
It posits that psychological disorders arise from a predisposition (diathesis) triggered by environmental stress.
What is the DSM-5-TR, and how is it different from the ICD?
The DSM-5-TR is used in the U.S. to diagnose mental disorders; the ICD is more globally used and includes all diseases, not just mental.
Which are the most prevalent psychological disorders in the U.S.?
Alcohol Use Disorder (29%), Major Depressive Disorder (20%), Specific Phobia (19%).
What are the gender differences in rates of psychological disorders?
Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression, anxiety, PTSD, and eating disorders; men more with substance use, antisocial, and narcissistic disorders
What is a specific phobia, and how is it typically acquired?
An intense fear of a specific object or situation, often developed through classical conditioning or learned behavior.
How does generalized anxiety disorder differ from other anxiety disorders?
It involves persistent, excessive worry across various areas of life, not limited to specific triggers.
What distinguishes obsessions from compulsions in OCD?
Obsessions are intrusive thoughts; compulsions are repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the anxiety from those thoughts.
How do major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder differ?
MDD has more intense symptoms over a shorter time (2+ weeks), while PDD involves chronic symptoms lasting at least 2 years but may be milder.
What are the defining characteristics of bipolar disorder and what is a common symptom cycle?
Alternating episodes of depression and mania; common cycle: months of depression, weeks of mania, and periods of typical mood.
How do anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder differ?
Anorexia involves being underweight and food restriction, bulimia involves binging and purging, and binge eating involves binging without purging (most common).
What are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive: hallucinations, delusions.
Negative: flat affect, alogia, avolition, anhedonia.
What neurotransmitter is most associated with schizophrenia?
Dopamine.
How are neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD and autism spectrum disorder diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosed in childhood; ADHD involves inattention/hyperactivity; autism involves social/communication deficits and repetitive behavior. Treatments include behavioral therapy and sometimes medication.
What defines dissociative disorders, and what is the hallmark symptom?
Disorders involving disruptions in memory, identity, or perception. Hallmark: “losing time” or disconnecting from reality.
What are the key traits of personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorder?
Persistent patterns of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. BPD involves emotional instability, fear of abandonment, and unstable relationships; best treated with DBT.
