Hist 105 Finals Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
In what branch of government was Rome’s Council of Elders?
A
a. Senate
2
Q
What Roman officials could veto the actions of Roman law courts, the popular assemblies, and the Senate?
A
d. tribunes
3
Q
The common people of the Roman Republic were known as:
A
c. plebeians
4
Q
With what group did Rome fight a war for control of the Mediterranean?
A
b. Carthaginians
5
Q
What were private contractors called who constructed public works and collected taxes in Rome?
A
a. publicans
6
Q
Who were the members of the First Triumvirate?
A
b. Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
7
Q
What event led to the establishment of the Second Triumvirate?
A
a. the assassination of Caesar
8
Q
Julius Caesar won popularity among the Roman people for his successful military campaigns in ______.
A
d. Gaul
9
Q
Octavian’s success in the civil war was due largely to support from ______.
A
c. Julius Caesar’s veteran soldiers
10
Q
Octavian’s naval forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of ______.
A
b. Actium
11
Q
How did the noblewoman Cornelia represent traditional Roman values of femininity?
A
d. She devoted herself to raising her children above all else.
12
Q
What was the toga virilis?
A
c. a garment worn by boys to mark the transition into manhood and citizenship
13
Q
What characterized Romans’ relationship to their ancestors?
A
b. Ancestors served as examples of correct moral behavior.
14
Q
In what sort of occupations did freed people typically serve?
A
b. professions in trade, agriculture, or education
15
Q
How did rural life under slavery compare to experiences in the city?
A
b. Life under slavery in rural areas was harsh and offered fewer advantages.
16
Q
What was the most common source of enslaved people?
A
d. people who were enslaved during wartime conquest
17
Q
What is a likely modern analogy for the Roman gladiator?
A
a. football players
18
Q
How did Diocletian reform the Roman tax system?
A
b. He introduced an agricultural land tax.
19
Q
What was the nature of Augustus’s inheritance tax?
A
d. It taxed inheritances received from persons outside the immediate family.
20
Q
Why was proximity to a seaport important to Roman trade?
A
a. Shipping by sea was less expensive than by land.
21
Q
What was an important feature of Roman mystery cults?
A
c. hierarchical structure of initiation
22
Q
How did the imperial cult venerate a living emperor?
A
a. by sacrificing on behalf of the emperor’s well-being
23
Q
What did the Edict of Milan accomplish?
A
d. It legalized Christianity.
24
Q
How could a person obtain Roman citizenship?
A
c. It was given to a person whose parents were both citizens.
25
How did the Romans fortify the frontier in Britain?
d. They built forts, camps, and walls.
26
What does the Arch of Titus in Rome commemorate?
c. the Roman victory over the Jewish rebellion in Judaea
27
Why has evidence of earlier coastal migrations down the west coast of North America not been discovered?
b. The likely sites are now covered by water.
28
What activity best characterizes the Clovis people?
c. They were mobile big-game hunters.
29
Where did maize agriculture initially begin?
a. Mesoamerica
30
What edible plant was domesticated in the Eastern Woodlands?
a. sunflower
31
For what ancient method of hunting bison have archaeologists uncovered evidence in places like Texas and Montana?
c. driving bison over cliffs
32
What species was an important source of protein for the people of the Pacific Northwest?
b. salmon
33
What does it mean to call Olmec civilization a 'mother culture'?
a. Its expansion led to the creation of other similar cultures.
34
What was the political organization of the larger Maya world?
c. It was a collection of independent city-states.
35
What South American culture gave birth to the Early Horizon period?
a. Chavín
36
How did the Hopewell tradition people transform the environment to suit their needs?
d. They created earthen mounds.
37
What two Mesoamerican civilizations were contemporaries?
b. Teotihuacano and Zapotec
38
What Mesoamerican civilization created a complex writing system for recording its history and genealogies?
c. Maya
39
What conclusions have scholars drawn from the art left behind by the Moche?
a. They were a highly militaristic people.
40
Where did the Aztec establish their city?
a. Lake Texcoco
41
In what role did Aztec women serve?
c. healers
42
According to Inca legend, what event brought Yupanki to power in Cuzco?
b. He defeated the Chanka offensive.
43
What was a major reason for the cultural shift in the Mississippian tradition?
a. the adoption of maize agriculture
44
What serves as strong evidence that the builders of Casas Grandes were culturally influenced by Mesoamerican civilizations farther south?
b. the presence of an I-shaped ball court
45
What made the Western Roman Empire more prone to societal disruption than the Eastern Roman Empire?
b. The West had a longer frontier and was less urbanized.
46
How did the Huns affect the migration of Germanic peoples?
b. They put pressure on the frontier, pushing people into Roman territory.
47
What role did bishops play in Roman governance?
c. They participated in ecumenical councils and dominated local politics.
48
Through what means did the Sasanian kings rule their empire?
a. direct centralized control
49
What regions did the Sasanians take from Byzantine control in the seventh century?
c. Syria and Palestine
50
How did the Sasanians and Byzantines practice cultural exchange?
d. They sent embassies to each other’s courts.
51
In what century did the Parthian Empire collapse?
c. the third century
52
What body of water allowed Himyar and Aksum to conduct long-distance sea trade?
d. Red Sea
53
How did Christianity initially reach the kingdom of Aksum?
a. It was brought by the Syrian teacher Frumentius.
54
How did Aksumite and Himyarite leaders publicly express their religious devotion?
a. by creating inscriptions and building monuments to their faith
55
How did Christianity initially reach the kingdom of Aksum?
It was brought by the Syrian teacher Frumentius.
## Footnote
Frumentius is credited with introducing Christianity to the Aksumite kingdom.
56
How did Aksumite and Himyarite leaders publicly express their religious devotion?
by creating inscriptions and building monuments to their faith
## Footnote
This reflects the importance of public displays of faith in ancient cultures.
57
To what biblical figure was Aksum possibly connected?
Queen of Sheba
## Footnote
The connection to the Queen of Sheba is often discussed in the context of Aksum's historical significance.
58
To what area was the Kushan Empire able to introduce Buddhism?
China
## Footnote
The Kushan Empire played a key role in the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and China.
59
On what trade routes was Palmyra able to capitalize because of its location?
Silk Roads and Persian Gulf
## Footnote
Palmyra was strategically located, making it a vital trading hub.
60
Of what event was Palmyra able to take advantage, to the detriment of the Kushan Empire?
third-century crisis
## Footnote
The third-century crisis in the Roman Empire created opportunities for Palmyra's rise.
61
What two empires were at war during much of Muhammad’s prophetic career?
the Byzantines and the Sasanians
## Footnote
The conflict between these empires influenced the early Islamic state.
62
How did the Huns affect the migration of Germanic peoples?
They pushed the Germanic peoples into Roman territories.
## Footnote
The Huns' invasions led to significant migrations and changes in the demographics of Europe.
63
What is the holy scripture of Islam?
Quran
## Footnote
The Quran is considered the literal word of God in Islam.
64
What united the members of Muhammad’s ummah?
the belief in one God, Muhammad’s leadership, and mutual defense
## Footnote
The ummah represents the global community of Muslims.
65
What state was defeated and assimilated into the early Islamic state?
Sasanian Persia
## Footnote
The defeat of the Sasanian Empire marked a significant expansion of Islamic rule.
66
In the earliest decades of Muslim rule, what was the most important differentiator of status?
conqueror versus conquered
## Footnote
Social status was heavily influenced by whether one was part of the conquering group or the conquered.
67
Who were the mawali in early Islamic society?
non-Arab converts to Islam
## Footnote
The mawali faced various degrees of acceptance and integration in Islamic society.
68
What were the Ridda Wars?
a conflict between Muslims and other Arab tribes that began the conquest of Arabia
## Footnote
The Ridda Wars were crucial for consolidating Islamic authority in Arabia.
69
Why did the Muslims create Baghdad as a new capital city?
The center of the Islamic world was shifting eastward after the Abbasid Revolution.
## Footnote
Baghdad became a cultural and intellectual center of the Islamic Golden Age.
70
Where was the province of Khurasan located?
Northeastern Persia
## Footnote
Khurasan was a significant region for trade and cultural exchange.
71
What did the process of Islamization look like during the early Abbasid period?
Christians adopted the Arabic language and Islamic forms of dress while not necessarily converting to Islam.
## Footnote
This reflects a cultural assimilation rather than outright conversion.
72
What was a defining feature of the earliest supporters of Ali, who became the Shia?
the elevation of the family of Muhammad through his son in-law Ali
## Footnote
This belief is central to Shia Islam and its legitimacy.
73
Yang Jian, founder of the Sui dynasty, was an adherent of what religious tradition?
Buddhism
## Footnote
Buddhism influenced the governance and culture during the Sui dynasty.
74
What was the likely reason the aristocracy opposed the rule of Empress Wu Zetian?
She was female.
## Footnote
Gender played a significant role in perceptions of authority in ancient China.
75
Why did Tang emperor Wuzong persecute Buddhist monks and nuns?
Wuzong believed Buddhism threatened the Confucian state and the imperial order.
## Footnote
This illustrates the tension between different religious and philosophical traditions in China.
76
What were the successors to the Umayyads?
the Abbasids
## Footnote
The Abbasid Caliphate marked a significant transformation in the Islamic world.
77
What was a key result of the Battle of Talas River?
the end of Abbasid expansion into China
## Footnote
This battle marked a turning point in the power dynamics between the Abbasids and Tang China.
78
During the reign of what king did Aksum’s trade with the African interior expand considerably?
Ezna
## Footnote
King Ezna's reign was pivotal for Aksum's economic development.
79
What was a key export from East Africa?
ivory
## Footnote
Ivory was a highly sought-after commodity in ancient trade networks.
80
What two religious traditions were practiced in Japan during the Yamato period?
Buddhism and Shintoism
## Footnote
The coexistence of these traditions shaped Japanese culture and identity.
81
What Asian country did not adopt Chinese writing?
Sogdiana
## Footnote
Sogdiana maintained its own writing systems despite cultural exchanges.
82
What was the language of the Silk Roads until the seventh century CE?
Sogdian
## Footnote
Sogdian served as a lingua franca for trade across diverse cultures.
83
What was the relationship between the Germanic kings and the non-German aristocracy they ruled?
They could work together when religious differences were not a point of contention.
## Footnote
Cooperation was often necessary for stability in the region.
84
How did the Visigoths’ conversion to Christianity change their relationship with the Jewish people?
The Visigoths began to insist that Jewish people convert or suffer consequences.
## Footnote
This led to a period of persecution against Jewish communities.
85
Which is not a key feature of feudalism?
the wergild
## Footnote
The wergild is a legal concept rather than a feature of feudal systems.
86
Feudalism developed after the collapse of what empire?
the Roman Empire
## Footnote
The fall of Rome led to the fragmentation of power and the rise of feudal structures.
87
What state was founded in North Africa and was eventually centered in Egypt?
the Fatimid Caliphate
## Footnote
The Fatimid Caliphate was notable for its Shia Islamic governance.
88
What religious movement rejected the worldliness of the Abbasid Caliphate?
Sufism
## Footnote
Sufism emphasized personal spirituality and direct experience of God.
89
Legitimate caliphs in Shia Islam had to be descended from what early figure in Islamic history?
Ali
## Footnote
This lineage is central to Shia beliefs about leadership in Islam.
90
What dynasty established the only Shia caliphate?
Fatimids
## Footnote
The Fatimid Caliphate was influential in North Africa and the Middle East.
91
What challenge did both the Abbasid Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire face?
They both had to find military alternatives to their own elite.
## Footnote
This challenge was crucial for maintaining power and stability.
92
What event marked the separation of the eastern and western churches?
the Great Schism
## Footnote
The Great Schism in 1054 was a significant division in Christianity.
93
What does the term jihad mean?
struggle
## Footnote
Jihad can refer to both personal struggle and broader struggles for the faith.
94
What religious communities did the crusaders attack before they had even left Europe?
Jewish communities
## Footnote
Early crusaders often targeted Jewish populations, leading to significant violence.
95
What site in Jerusalem is considered of particular importance to Christians?
the Holy Sepulchre
## Footnote
The Holy Sepulchre is believed to be the site of Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection.
96
Why was the Byzantine emperor unhappy with the development of Outremer?
The emperor expected the crusaders to return to him the territory they conquered.
## Footnote
This expectation created tension between the Byzantine Empire and the Crusaders.
97
What two groups were targets of massacres and expulsions after the establishment of Outremer?
Jewish people and Muslims
## Footnote
The establishment of Outremer led to significant violence against non-Christian communities.
98
What was a reason for the decline in crusading in the later Middle Ages?
the decline of the power and influence of the popes
## Footnote
The loss of papal authority contributed to a decreased interest in crusading.
99
The saying 'Do not waste good iron making nails; do not waste good men making soldiers' reflects the attitude of the ________ toward their military.
Song dynasty
## Footnote
This reflects a philosophical approach to governance and military strategy.
100
What caused the sizable population rise in Song China during the eleventh century?
the use of strains of rice that ripened quickly enough to allow for two harvests in a single year
## Footnote
Agricultural advancements significantly impacted population growth.
101
What empire maintained a dual system of governance in which formerly seminomadic peoples were governed in their traditional manner?
Tatar
## Footnote
The Tatar Empire's governance style allowed for cultural preservation.
102
How did Temujin change traditional seminomadic practices for dealing with men captured from the clans or tribes he defeated?
He tried and executed the leaders but spared the commoners, even allowing them to join his army.
## Footnote
This practice helped to build a loyal army from conquered peoples.
103
What was the intention of Chinggis Khan’s yassa?
to remove sources of conflict and strife among Mongols
## Footnote
The yassa aimed to unify the Mongolian tribes under a common legal framework.
104
What did Chinggis Khan order regarding captives?
He ordered commoners killed but spared the leadership of his defeated rivals.
## Footnote
This reflects his strategic approach to maintain control over conquered territories.
105
What was the intention of Chinggis Khan’s yassa?
to remove sources of conflict and strife among Mongols
## Footnote
The yassa was a code of laws aimed at unifying the Mongol tribes.
106
Who ultimately conquered the Jin dynasty?
Ogedei
## Footnote
Ogedei was Chinggis Khan's third son and the second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
107
What does the term kurultai mean?
a proto-democratic gathering of a Mongol leader’s followers to reach agreement on major political decisions
## Footnote
Kurultai played a crucial role in Mongolian political organization.
108
Why is Ariq Boke important?
because his challenge to Kublai ended the unity of the Mongol Empire
## Footnote
Ariq Boke's conflict with Kublai Khan was a significant event in Mongol history.
109
What Mongol khanate was the first to fragment beyond recovery after a succession struggle?
the Il-Khanate
## Footnote
The Il-Khanate was established in Persia and faced internal divisions after the death of its leaders.
110
What was the only part of the Mongol world in which the rulers did not convert to Islam?
the Khanate of the Great Khan
## Footnote
This khanate was primarily centered in Mongolia and China.
111
Economic growth in Yuan China was _____
less than in Song China
## Footnote
The Yuan dynasty faced various challenges that hindered its economic performance.
112
Jerusalem was temporarily restored to Christian control by _____
the Treaty of Jaffa
## Footnote
This treaty was part of the negotiations following the Crusades.
113
What was the purpose of the Constitutions of Melfi?
strengthen the king’s control over his vassals and the clergy
## Footnote
These constitutions were significant in the history of medieval Italy.
114
Where did the Almohads rule?
Iberia and North Africa
## Footnote
The Almohads were a Berber Muslim empire that sought to unify Islamic lands.
115
Under what name did Salah al-Din’s descendants rule Egypt and Syria?
Ayyubids
## Footnote
The Ayyubid dynasty was founded by Salah al-Din (Saladin) after the Crusades.
116
What Mongol khanate weakened itself in several failed attempts to conquer the Delhi Sultanate?
the Chagatai Khanate
## Footnote
The Chagatai Khanate faced significant military challenges in its expansion efforts.
117
What made cultural contact between the Sahel and Mediterranean peoples of North Africa difficult?
Sahara
## Footnote
The Sahara desert acted as a significant barrier to trade and communication.
118
In what African ecological system did the migrating Bantus likely adopt ironworking technology from the Nok?
tropical rainforest
## Footnote
The Nok culture is known for its early advancements in ironworking in this region.
119
What is the name of the branch of Christianity that emerged in Egypt?
Coptic
## Footnote
Coptic Christianity is one of the oldest Christian traditions in the world.
120
What does the 'Africanization' of Christianity and Islam in the medieval period refer to?
the blending of traditional African beliefs with those of Christianity and Islam
## Footnote
This process resulted in unique regional practices and beliefs.
121
The Ghana and Mali Empires were centered on what two capital cities, respectively?
Koumbi Saleh and Niani
## Footnote
These cities were crucial for trade and governance in West Africa.
122
Who was Mansa Musa?
a Muslim ruler of the Mali Empire who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in the fourteenth century
## Footnote
Mansa Musa is famous for his wealth and pilgrimage that showcased the Mali Empire's riches.
123
What were the two principal goods the medieval empires of West Africa were renowned for trading in?
gold and salt
## Footnote
These commodities were vital for trade and wealth in the region.
124
What characterized the political systems of the West African empires?
A formerly independent kingdom incorporated into a larger empire often retained its identity and internal political structure.
## Footnote
This allowed for cultural continuity within the empires.
125
Bantu-speaking peoples brought innovations to southern Africa that led to the foundation of which medieval kingdoms?
Mapungubwe and Zimbabwe
## Footnote
These kingdoms were significant centers of trade and culture.
126
The Sanhaja and Masmuda founded what West African kingdoms, respectively?
Almoravid and Almohad
## Footnote
Both of these kingdoms were influential in the spread of Islam in North Africa.
127
The Fatimid Caliphate followed _____ Islam.
Shia
## Footnote
The Fatimids were a major Islamic dynasty that promoted Shia Islam.
128
Gao was the capital and important trading center of what kingdom?
Songhai
## Footnote
Gao was pivotal for trade routes across the Sahara.
129
What was unique about the Yuan dynasty in Chinese history?
The entire Chinese state was ruled by someone not of Chinese ancestry.
## Footnote
This marked a significant period of Mongol rule in China.
130
Following the conversion of the Il-Khanate ruler Ghazan to Islam in 1295, what occurred in the Il-Khanate?
Il-Khanate rulers embraced Islamic culture and civilization.
## Footnote
This conversion marked a cultural shift in the region.
131
How did Mongol leaders of the Il-Khanate become less distinct from their Muslim subjects in the fourteenth century?
They intermarried with their subjects.
## Footnote
This led to a blending of cultures and traditions.
132
How did the Golden Bull clarify the process of selecting a new Holy Roman emperor?
It declared that seven princes known as electors would select the Holy Roman emperor.
## Footnote
This was a pivotal moment in the governance of the Holy Roman Empire.
133
How did the period of the Avignon papacy affect the church in western Europe?
It represented the growing power of secular monarchs and a weakening of papal authority.
## Footnote
The Avignon papacy significantly shifted the balance of power in Europe.
134
What did the Golden Bull attempt to clarify?
the method of electing the Holy Roman emperor
## Footnote
This was crucial for the political stability of the empire.
135
The simultaneous appointment of three popes in 1378 began the period in the history of the Catholic Church known as what?
the Great Western Schism
## Footnote
This schism caused significant division within the Church.
136
What may have caused the Little Ice Age, a period of global cooling during the fourteenth century?
volcanic eruptions and changes in the earth’s orbit
## Footnote
These factors contributed to significant climate shifts.
137
What subject for analysis has the field of historical climatology incorporated into the investigation of historical climate change?
tree ring data
## Footnote
Such data helps reconstruct past climate conditions.
138
The Great Famine of 1315–1317 primarily affected what regions?
northern Europe
## Footnote
This famine had devastating effects on the population and agriculture.
139
What caused many fourteenth-century people to migrate from their homes in search of more hospitable conditions?
worsening environmental conditions
## Footnote
This migration was often a response to famine and climate change.
140
What was the primary factor that made travel in the fourteenth century far more difficult than today?
the high cost and limited modes of transportation
## Footnote
Travel was a significant challenge due to economic and logistical constraints.
141
What did most medieval people believe was the cause of the Black Death?
religious, astrological, and supernatural factors
## Footnote
Understanding of disease was limited, leading to various beliefs about its causes.
142
What was true of the plague’s impact on the world of the fourteenth century?
The plague had a devastating impact on Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa.
## Footnote
This pandemic reshaped societies and economies across multiple regions.
143
What was the principal means of the plague’s spread?
small rodents traveling with foodstuffs and other transported goods
## Footnote
This highlights the role of trade routes in disease transmission.
144
What trade route played a pivotal role in enabling the plague to spread from central Asia to western Europe and North Africa?
the Silk Roads
## Footnote
The Silk Roads facilitated both commerce and the spread of the plague.
145
The 1330s marked the beginning of the plague’s appearance in which regions?
the Mongol Empire and China
## Footnote
This was the initial phase before the widespread outbreak in Europe.
146
Following the Black Death, the decline of feudalism in western Europe was hastened by what factor?
Many peasants left rural areas in search of employment in towns and cities.
## Footnote
This migration contributed to the weakening of feudal structures.
147
How did Ming emperors such as Zhu Di seek to restore Chinese cultural traditions after the overthrow of the Mongol Yuan dynasty?
by reinforcing the role of Confucianism
## Footnote
This was part of a broader effort to re-establish Chinese identity.
148
What mystical Islamic tradition emphasized inner personal contemplation?
Sufism
## Footnote
Sufism focuses on the inward search for God and spiritual closeness.
149
To address labor shortages caused by the Black Death, countries like England passed laws regulating workers’_________.
wages
## Footnote
Such laws aimed to control the labor market in the wake of population decline.
150
How did the lack of laborers in towns and cities affect the European social structure?
It made it easier for people to set up craft shops, undermining the guild system.
## Footnote
This shift led to significant changes in economic practices.
151
What was the Battle of Kosovo?
A significant historical battle.
152
How did the invasion by Timur influence the development of the Ottoman state?
Timur’s invasion encouraged Turkish vassals to break away from Ottoman rule.
## Footnote
The death of all Bayezid I’s sons at the Battle of Ankara left the Ottoman state without a ruler, which also played a role in this influence.
153
How did Europeans respond to the Ottomans’ control of trade in the eastern Mediterranean?
Europeans began to seek an all-water, oceanic route to South and East Asia.
154
What area did the Ottoman state not control after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire?
Southern Italy.
155
How did Masaccio transform European art during the Renaissance?
He was the first artist to incorporate linear perspective into painting.
156
What was not a potential occupation for a child taken in the devshirme?
Priest.
157
What effect did the Battle of Ankara have on the Janissary system?
It demonstrated the danger of relying on the Turkish nobility for defense, thus encouraging the development of the Janissary system.
158
Why was political succession in the Mamluk Sultanate always unstable?
Succession did not typically descend from a sultan to his sons, and the army usually chose the new sultan.
159
Why did the Mamluk sultans usually treat rebellious Syrian Arabs more leniently than rebellious Arab Bedouins in Egypt?
The Mamluks needed the assistance of Syrian Arabs in fighting the Ottomans and the Mongols.
160
What was the main reason for the voyages of Zheng He in the fifteenth century?
To impress other states with the power of China.
161
Why did members of the Mamluk army oppose rule by non-mamluks?
They believed only those who had experienced rigorous training and enslavement were worthy.
162
Which was not an example of foreign contact during the Ming dynasty?
The invasion of Japan.
163
Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty, had sympathy for the poor because in his early life he had been what?
A poor peasant.
164
How did firearms technology affect the social structure of western European societies?
It eventually made aristocratic mounted warriors obsolete.
165
What has not been a contributing factor in the demise of nomadic societies?
Epidemic disease.
166
How did firearms technology affect nomadic groups?
Firearms eventually made the forms of warfare favored by nomadic groups less effective.
