FINALS THEME 4

Question 1

Define philosophy

Answer 1

The study of fundamental questions about existence, right and wrong, and identity

Question 2

Define thought experiment

Answer 2

Hypothetical situations with the purpose of making people think about good and bad, reality, existence, etc. in order to look at the human thought process

Question 3

What was the Ship of Theseus?

Answer 3

One of the oldest and most famous thought experiments in the world, originating from the Ancient Greek thinkers Heraclitus and Plato

Question 4

Describe the Ship of Theseus

Answer 4

Theseus’ ship is lifted out of the water and displayed on land. Over time, parts of it rot away and are replaced with new materials. Eventually, the whole ship has been replaced. Is it the same ship?

Question 5

Who came up with the Allegory of the Caves?

Answer 5

Plato

Question 6

Describe the Allegory of the Caves

Answer 6

Three people are chained in a cave with a fire behind them. They all believe that the shadows cast on the cave wall are the truest forms of life. One man eventually breaks free and learns that the things they see aren’t real. He returns to tell his friends about real life outside the cave, but they don’t believe him and kill him for his arguments

Question 7

What is the Socratic problem?

Answer 7

Socrates didn’t leave any written records, so we rely on secondary sources (such as his student’s writings) that often contradict each other to learn about him

Question 8

Why was Socrates put on trial?

Answer 8

Corrupting the youths of Athens (teaching them to question authority) and being an atheist (not honoring/respecting/worshipping the Athenian gods)

Question 9

What was Socrates’ punishment after his trial?

Answer 9

Sentenced to death by drinking hemlock tea

Question 10

What were Plato’s thoughts on government?

Answer 10

Believed that democracy was bad and that the best government was monarchy by philosophers

Question 11

What is the Theory of Forms?

Answer 11

Plato’s theory that physical world is merely a shadow of objects’ non-physical truest and ideal concept that exists somewhere else in the universe

Question 12

What is the Theory of the Soul?

Answer 12

Plato’s idea that the human soul is composed of three parts: rational, spirit, and appetite

Question 13

What is a rational person controlled by?

Answer 13

Reason and a desire for logic and thinking

Question 14

What is a spirited person controlled by?

Answer 14

Right and wrong and a desire for honor

Question 15

What is an appetitive person controlled by?

Answer 15

Wishes and wants and the desire for things and objects

Question 16

What form of science was Aristotle particularly interested in?

Answer 16

Zoology

Question 17

Define zoology

Answer 17

Direct observation of animals

Question 18

How did Aristotle study zoology?

Answer 18

Lived with animals for a year, observed, and documented his observations

Question 19

What is the golden mean?

Answer 19

Aristotle’s idea of the perfect balance of virtues (e.g. being courageous without being cowardly or reckless)

Question 20

What was the original scientific method?

Answer 20

Aristotle’s belief that observations should be questioned, tested, then revised

Question 21

What is the Aristotelian Model?

Answer 21

One of the first models of the universe

Question 22

What are the defining features of Renaissance art? (3)

Answer 22

Prized emotion, individualism, and realism
Focused on secular topics
Improved greatly on creating depth using linear perspective

Question 23

Define caste system

Answer 23

Division of society that determine your social class/rank

Question 24

Define reincarnation

Answer 24

The belief that humans are reborn until they achieve true understanding

Question 25

Define karma

Answer 25

A person's good or bad deeds

Question 26

How does karma affect reincarnation and the caste system?

Answer 26

This is the only way you could move up/down the hierarchy. If you had good karma, you would reincarnate as a higher level in the caste system. If you had bad karma, you would reincarnate as a lower level in the caste system

Question 27

Define Buddhism

Answer 27

A religion common in Southeast Asia that focuses on the human person and how we can improve our lives instead of centering around a God/gods

Question 28

What are the 5 major Buddhist ideas?

Answer 28

1. Reject the caste system 2. Reincarnation 3. Dharma (4 noble truths and the Eightfold path) 4. Following the ideas above leads to Nirvana 5. Focus on ethical conduct, thought, and meditation

Question 29

Define nirvana

Answer 29

Release from pain and selfishness

Question 30

How does karma affect reincarnation and the caste system?

Answer 30

It is the only way you can move up or down the caste system. Having good karma means you will be reincarnated as a higher level in the caste system, having bad karma means you will be reincarnated as a lower level

Question 31

Define nepotism

Answer 31

Giving power to people due to their family/friend's status, not their ability

Question 32

Define simony

Answer 32

The purchase of office in religious or political spaces

Question 33

Define indulgences

Answer 33

Get-out-of-purgatory free card for you or a deceased family member

Question 34

What is salvation by faith alone?

Answer 34

The Protestant belief that you don't need to do good deeds to go to Heaven, you just need to believe in God

Question 35

What happened in 1517?

Answer 35

Martin Luther published the 95 Theses

Question 36

What are the 95 Theses?

Answer 36

Martin Luther's document in which he argued against the practice of selling indulgences

Question 37

What is biblical supremacy?

Answer 37

The Protestant idea that all people should be able to read the bible and interpret it on their own

Question 38

What is the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 38

The split of the Protestant Church from the Roman Catholic Church due to their practice of selling indulgences and the excommunication of Martin Luther