Fire Tactics Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
Lightweight steel trusses are also known as
A
Bar joists
2
Q
What should be the maximum submergence time allowed during
a team search when a 30-minute SCBA is being used?
A
20 minutes
3
Q
What is the first thing that is needed to search a
premises to maximize the likelihood of finding victims?
A
Have a plan
4
Q
When was the Triangle Shirt Waist Fire and how many died
A
1911
146
5
Q
How far past the end of the door will the fork end of the
tool need to be pushed before opening the door will be
possible during forcible entry operations?
A
1-2 inches
6
Q
What has been found to be the culprit in wind-driven
fires?
A
Air movement in the building
7
Q
The best scrub area for rear-mounted devices is obtained by
A
Backing into postion
8
Q
What is the minimum length the tag line should be during a
T-pattern search?
A
Half the narrowes dimension of the space to be searched
9
Q
Flat roofs are generally found on
A
Larger buildings such as stores, factories, schools, and apartment buildings
10
Q
Buildings built from what decade on should it be assumed
are built with lightweight techniques?
A
1970s
11
Q
What was the worst terrorist attack in the United States
since 9/11?
A
Las Vegas Shooting
12
Q
After what year did a bulk of firefighter safety research begin
A
1998
13
Q
Buildings above what height will many times be required to
be built of Class 1 construction?
A
6 stories
14
Q
What is probably the greatest danger to firefighters engaged in roof ventilation is what
A
The fellow firefighter
15
Q
How many more times FF fatalities have happened in places of worship than in residential
A
6 times
16
Q
What should always be brought to the roof during
ventilation in case the power saw fails?
A
Pick head axe
17
Q
What frequency must any occupancy that is subject to CADS hazard display be inspected at a minimum
A
Annually
18
Q
Conventional forcible entry is often called the what method
A
Brute force method
19
Q
Beginning around what date will stores be packed with stock and customers
A
Ocrober 1
20
Q
To breach an inward swinging door where should the fork end of the tool be placed
A
6 inches above or below the lock
21
Q
How far back from a door/window should you stand for hydraulic ventilation and what degree fog
A
6-8 feet, 30 degree fog pattern
22
Q
Metal deck roofs can fail how soon
A
As little as 5 minutes
23
Q
How frequently should you conduct a precautionary stop the
elevator car during the ascent?
A
Every 5 floors
24
Q
Kerf Cut is
A
An inspection cut the width of the blade
25
How much of its strength has the steel in the cylinder
| lost when it is heated to 1,500^F?
1/2
26
What fire-resistance rating is present in the walls of the ordinary construction building
2 hours
27
Before conducting a search you should:
Gather as much information as possible regarding victims
28
What flow is recommended by the NFPA for each 100 square feet of fire area when there is a light fire load of ordinary combustibles and the area has not been vented
10 gpm
29
Which World Trade Center Building collapsed besides WTC 1&2
WTC 7
30
4 lengths of 2 1/2 inch flowing 250 gpm requires what psi at the outlet valve
75psi
31
What is the basic sequence of events on a fire ground
Size up
Locate
Confine
Extinguish
32
Where should the ladder be secured if it needs to be left
| unattended?
Tip
33
What is the proper climbing angle for a portable ladder
70 degrees
34
What are the 5 general principles of firefighting
1. When sufficient personnel are not available to effect both rescue and extinguishment at the same time, rescue must be given priority
2. When you don’t have sufficient personnel to perform all of the needed tasks, first perform those that protect the greatest number of human lives.
3. Remove those in greatest danger first
4. When sufficient personnel are available to perform both functions, they must carry out a coordinated fire attack
5. When there is no threat to occupants, the lives of firefighters should not be unduly endangered
35
What is the first sense FFs should use when overhauling
Common sense otherwise sight
36
Most normal locking devices have a key cylinder located about how far from the edge of the door
1-3 inches
37
What is at times mixed with natural gas to create "peak
| shaving gas"?
Propane
38
Residential buildings can be an estimated how many feet per floor, plus how much for the windowsill
9 feet plus 3 for the window sill
39
How much distance usually separates each door on the floor
from the door to the other staircase with scissor stairs
in the fireproof multiple dwelling?
20 feet
40
Nearly what percent of all civilian fire deaths occur in residential buildings each year
80%
41
What is the maximum pressure permitted per NFPA 14 on the
| 2 1/2-inch supply line on a Class III standpipe system?
175psi
42
What is the air pressure on the top part of the clapper
| valve in most dry-pipe systems?
30-40psi, hold back up to 100 psi
43
What is it believed that caused the collapse of number 1
| and 2 WTC?
Interior finish and furnishing burning
44
What minimum height above the windowsill should the ladder
rung being used to pass the rope over when lifting an
unconscious firefighter from a window using a ladder and
rope as a high-point anchor?
4 feet
45
What is the single most important item of a ladder
Its length
46
Relief valves and other pressure control devices are required to ensure that the maximum pressure at the top-floor outlets is no more than what for 1 1/2 outlet
Pre 1993: 65 psi
| Post 1993: 100 psi
47
What must be determined first when calculating the maximum
| flow a given supply hoseline arrangement will sustain?
Available flow pressure
48
Hose streams on a trench cut can only be used if what
Interior forces have been removed
49
Which is the most versatile, most highly maneuverable
| master stream on the fireground today?
Tower ladder
50
Which fire department was the first to prove the
usefulness of positive-pressure ventilation concept on
structures other than high-rises?
Los Angeles Fire Department
51
Area of refuge in a hallway must be where
Same side of the hall as the fire apartment
52
What is the usual design flow for the Class II standpipe
| system?
100 psi
53
What is the key to success in operating on a rain roof
The team recognizing the presence of it
54
The degree of damage created by forcible entry should be consistent with
The danger and damage from the hazard
55
What should be the minimum collapse zone be at the end
walls that have rafters resting on a truss and bearing on
a wall?
2 1/2 times the height of the wall
56
Which type of buildings are considered the least stable in of collapse when exposed to fire
Noncombustible
57
One of the key criteria for keeping firefighters alive is to know
Where they are on the Fireground
58
What is a common hurricane window formulation
Glass sandwiched around a polycarbonate plastic such as lexan
59
After what amount of time did 7 WTC suddenly collapse in
| pancake fashion?
7 hours
60
What size pipe is the main drain valve usually on the
| sprinkler system?
2 inch
61
What tool is required when forcing HUD windows installed
| by Vacant Property Security, LLC?
Metal cutting saw
62
NFPA 14 permits upto what psi at 2 1/2 outlets
100-175psi
63
Up to what amount of time should a firefighter be able to
place an ungloved hand on a surface which would indicate
that the area does not need to be opened up during
overhaul operations?
15-20 seconds
64
Rain roof is
A new roof built on top of the old roof due to porous during rain
65
What percent of residential doors open inward
99 percent
66
What year, where, and what went wrong at the One Meridian Plaza Fire
1991
Philadelphia
Horrible highrise fire where 3 FFs died due to standpipe system failure because of improperly adjusted pressure-regulating valves
67
How many different means does the Halligan provide of getting a bite on the work
4
68
What is the floor to floor estimate in commercial structures
12 feet
69
What is the minimum distance around the LPG cylinder that
everyone should be cleared when flame impingement is
occurring?
150 feet
70
Scrub area is what
The amount of surface area that may be physically touched by an aerial device
71
What action should any extreme weather condition prompt at the incident scene
Call for more resources
72
In which type of construction will the construction elements withstand the effects of fire for a limited time and prevent its spread
Fire Resistive
73
What is the most common vertical artery in the multiple
| story building for vertical ventilation operations?
Staircase
74
What are 2 critical targets for our search efforts
Bedrooms and exit paths from the bedrooms
75
Who should be responsible for interviewing witnesses and
victims about what they saw before and during the
radiological event?
Police officers
76
What should be developed as part of each firefighters size-up for survival
Hazard awareness
77
During PPV, the fan should be how far away from the structure
8-12 feet
78
How many times more FF fatalities have been in factories than residential
10 times more
79
Which consideration will probably have the greatest effect
| on the fire when putting a line into operation?
Ultimate destination
80
Who is responsible for maintaining the resources needed to
| keep the attack moving during a high-rise fire?
Staging officer
81
What is the key factor in determining how much of the cut is
made before pulling of the roof material begins during
roof ventilation operations?
Wind direction
82
What two emergency maneuvers should be taught for SCBA
Reduced-profile and emergency escape
83
What is the maximum distance above the roof that a
spinning blade or chain should be allowed during roof
ventilation operations?
6 inches
84
Overhaul comes in two phases
Precontrol and post control
85
Up to what proportion does the LPG vapor mix with air to
| produce an explosive gas-air mixture?
47:1
86
How many more times air can PPV fans move than NPV fans?
Twice the volume
87
According to the NFPA, how many firefighters died while operating inside at structure fires between 2000-2017
249
88
The secondary search is often combined with what
The post control overhaul phase
89
What year was the one New York plaza fire and how far did the medium-weight building’s for sag
1970, 18 inches
90
Where does NFPA recommend that hose intended for occupant
| use be located with the standpipe system?
Outside the stairwell on the fire floor
91
What is often the first action taken on entry into a fire building
Search
92
Civilians with light clothing will often appear what in a TIC
Light colored as their body heat is visible
93
What size hole should result when creating an inspection
| hole in the roof?
8-10 inch
94
Modern plastic fuel loads almost guarantee that the fire will be in what state upon arrival
Oxygen-limited
95
When making a primary search of the fire area it is usually best to search where first
As close to the seat of the fire as is safe
96
Two major problems with trusses
Lack of mass and connectors
97
Is it normal for an inverted roof to have a springy feel to it
Yes
98
Anytime one member of a team must leave an area:
Another member must accompany that person to safety
99
What does the pressure of water depend upon in an open
| container?
Depth of the container
100
What design load has been selected for most ladders?
750 pounds
101
How many lengths of 50-foot hose are needed when
connecting to a standpipe system in a building under NFPA
14 post-1993?
4
102
What is likely to happen to the smoke when a ventilation
opening is made if the fire is on an upper floor and the
outside temperature is high?
Drawn into the building
103
At what height is the standpipe outlet valve generally
| located?
Head
104
How much distance usually separates each door on the floor
from the door to the other staircase with scissor stairs
in the fireproof multiple dwelling?
20 feet
105
What is the best way to breach a hurricane window
Circular saw with a carbide tip blade
106
What is generally the fire-resistance rating required for
| elevators?
2 hours
107
What used to be in manufactured gas that made it toxic?
Carbon monoxide
108
What is used to determine the scrub area of the
| articulating boom?
Length of the bed section
109
When did the FDNY begin to experience firefighters burning
| to death during incidents?
1990
110
How far apart are studs of a partition wall
16 inches on center
111
How many psi does water pressure increase for every 2.3
| feet of depth?
1 psi
112
Sprinklers have controlled or extinguished the fire what
| percent of the time?
More than 96% of the time
113
What speed must the wind not exceed for PPV fans to be
| able to pressurize the attack staircase?
25 mph
114
What is the maximum recommended discharge pressure for LDH
| per NFPA 1932?
200 psi
115
Immediately upon reaching the roof members should what
Vent any vertical shafts they find
116
Fire in which area of the building generally yields a more serious hazard
Lower in the building
117
What is the best position for maximum scrub area for an aerial device
As close to the building as possible with the basket in line with the window, with the apparatus just off parallel (15-20 degrees) to the objective
118
What is the cut depth of a typical 12-inch circular saw blade
4 inches
119
What happened at the San Francisco fatal fire
Wall of windows in the basement failed causing an influx of air and intensifying the fire up the stairwell where the firefighters were
120
From 2011 to 2015 how many firefighters did we lose for every 100,000 in factories
28 for every 100,000
121
Which type of pressure can be observed when you open a
| hydrant?
Flowing
122
In what year did FDNY begin using various types of TICs?
1985
123
What is the first thing that should be decided when
| constructing an operational plan for ladder companies?
Number of people that will be part of the plan
124
What year was NFPA 14 (standpipe and hosesystems) updated
1993
125
Which is a particularly dangerous issue for firefighters
when allowances are given by building codes when an
automatic sprinkler system is installed with new
construction?
Increased travel distance to exits
126
How many major types of locks will be encountered by the
| fire service?
Three
127
A 1,000 gpm master stream adds approximately how much weight to the building
8500 pounds each minute
128
What should be suspected by the firefighters if there is
dimming of the lights or overheating of the building's
electrical service wires?
Open ground
129
What was the main cause of the disaster at the Vendome
| Hotel in Boston?
Renovations
130
Where should you position the aerial apparatus if there
| are no specific requirements visible when you arrive?
Just past the corner of the building you approached first
131
What date was black Sunday and how many firefighters were trapped
January 23, 2005
| 6 firefighters
132
Mushrooming effect is
When smoke is restrained from rising and spreads horizontally then banks down
133
What is the most crucial part of a personal escape system
The rope
134
What is the minimum depth that must be cut when removing
| the VPS system HUD window?
3 inches
135
Which aerial device is designed around an aerial ladder
| and provides for ready climbing?
Ladder tower
136
In which construction type will the walls, partitions, columns, floors, and roofs are non combustible but will not prevent the spread of fire
Noncombustible
137
What is the maximum amount of time that should pass
| between maintenance and flow testing of the PRVs?
3 years
138
How many rungs of the aerial ladder should be extended above the level of the roof
5 rungs
139
When does size-up begin
With the alarm information
140
What percent of fire victims dies while trying to escape
| per NFPA data?
35%
141
Fire Service is steeped in traditions going back to when
1736 Philadelphia
142
How should the roof on flat roof commercial structures be reached
Ladder or platform, never interior stairs
143
At what wind speed does the threat of a wind-driven fire
| increase?
10-15 mph
144
What should be vented first when you encounter a flat roof
| building?
Stairs and windows
145
Which stage of firefighting produces the most carbon monoxide
Overhauling
146
What pressure is 1 ATM
14.7 PSI
147
When were high-rise buildings being equipped with
combination sprinkler and standpipe systems due to many
serious fires?
Early 1970’s
148
In what minimum amount of time can lightweight steel-bar
| joists lose their strength when exposed to fire?
5-10 minutes
149
What part of the victim needs to clear the windowsill
before being lowered to the ground by the members below
when using a ladder and rope as a high-point anchor?
Torso
150
Two main reasons for venting are
Venting for fire, venting for life
151
About what distance from the main vent hole is considered
to be sufficient when choosing where to place the trench
cut?
20-25 feet
152
How far in front of the intended edge of the trench should
| inspection holes be placed?
5-6 ft
153
Once the fire is above which floor in the building will
| the use of the standpipe be preferred?
2nd
154
When was the lesson learned in America that responders are
| targets of the terrorists?
1996
155
What percent of civilian fire deaths occurred while the victims are asleep
36%
156
Gases flow from areas of ______ pressure to areas of _______ pressure
High, low
157
What is an officer’s primary duty
Protect their people
158
What building burned but didn’t collapse on 9/11 due to being a heavy-weight highrise
90 west street
159
If possible which door should be used for entry
The door that occupants normally use
160
If there is more than one lock where should the fork be placed
Between
161
When distinguishing between venting for life and venting for fire, the key factor is:
The timing of the ventilation
162
What must be removed for the trench cut to be effective?
Roof and ceiling
163
Firefighters often look what in a TIC, and often the SCBA bottle appears what in the TIC
Dark, Black bottle
164
What should be done before connecting fire department hose to any standpipe connection
Probe inside the connection
165
Which should be the overriding concern during forcible
| entry?
Need for speed
166
What two classes of supporting members will virtually any building and or occupancy have
Standard or lightweight
167
What should be done if you will be overextended
| horizontally while working from the ladder?
Reposition the ladder
168
What is the minimum width that the trench cut should be
| made?
3 feet
169
Distance from power lines for all aerial devices
10 feet
170
What is the fourth and least used sense
Smell
171
At what distance are knots typically tied in the search
| rope?
25 feet
172
What size hole would open up with the failure of one truss
| in a bowstring truss building?
40 ft
173
It is usually better to _____ an existing ventilation cut than it is to ______
Extend, start a new one
174
If you see hinges:
The door opens out towards you
175
Bevel of the Halligan should face which way when forcing an inward swinging door
Toward the door, its a force multiplier
176
Which lock is often installed in masonry walls and is one
of the most difficult forcible entry challenges you could
ever encounter?
Mul-T-Lock
177
Approximately what amount of time must pass before the
poured-in-place reinforced concrete building can support
its own weight?
48 hours
178
What is one of the biggest problems at fires in the
| sandwich apartments?
Large number of tenants fleeing
179
What CO reading is considered acceptable for a residence?
9 ppm
180
What must be controlled to win the battle between fire and
| firefighter?
Oxygen
181
What is the minimum recommended size SCBA cylinder that
| should be donned during subcellar operations?
45 minutes
182
What is the amount of electricity that a wire is carrying?
Amperage
183
What should be done if auxiliary equipment is found
| inoperable at a fire scene?
Call an additional alarm
184
When searching the floor above, it is often best to start where
As soon as you enter the door area and progress towards the fire
185
When entangled while wearing an SCBA, where is the entanglement usually at
Between the cylinder and the wearer’s back
186
What is rule number 1 with forcible entry
Try before you pry
187
Acronym for size up of a fire
COAL WAS WEALTH
188
Approximately how many days does it take concrete to reach
| its greatest load-carrying capacity?
28 days
189
Where does the greateast fire-related loss of civilian life each year occur
One- and two-family dwellings
190
In which occupancy are the greatest number of fire fighter fatalities occurring
Factories
191
Most people that become aware of a fire will attempt to flee
Via their normal path of egress
192
Which part of the locking mechanism needs to be gotten out
| of the way to perform through-the-lock forcible entry?
Cylinder
193
A large portion of doors for commercial establishments and places of assembly open which way
Outward
194
What temperature will the label on a ladder change color
300 degrees
195
Nearly what percent of all civilian fire deaths occur in
| residential buildings each year?
80 percent
196
How long after the first evaluation should a wall be
| rechecked during overhaul operations?
2 minutes
197
What occurred at the San Francisco fire in 2011 which
killed two firefighter that allowed an influx of fresh air
right at the seat of the fire?
Failure of a wall of floor-to-ceiling windows in the
| basement
198
What degree angle should a Halligan be inserted into an inward swinging door jam
15-20 degrees
199
Make every attempt to have the two people forcing a door with a set of irons to work on which sides
Opposite sides of the irons
200
What should be done if visibility on the roof is
| completely obscured but the saw operator must move?
Drop and crawl
201
What does COAL WAS WEALTH mean
```
Size up acronym
C-construction
O-occupancy
A-apparatus and personnel
L- Life safety
W-water
A-auxiliary services
S-street conditions
W-weather
E-exposures
A-area
L-location and extent of fire
T-Time
H- Height
```
202
What is most likely going to be the nozzle pressure you
will have available, especially on the upper floors of a
building with standpipe operations?
50psi
203
Inverted roof is
Similar to a standard flat roof except the roof is raised above joists on a framework of 2x4s
204
What year and what happened the beacon street fire in boston
March 2014, window failed from an attached shed in the rear on fire of a brownstone building
205
What must be done to force an entry door with the VPS
system in place that uses a skeleton key from the
exterior?
Cut the hinges
206
How much does a 50 ft section of charged 1 3/4 hose weigh
80 pounds, 40 dry
207
What was largely to blame when an automatic sprinkler
| failed to control a fire?
Human Error
208
What is the fuel load per square foot in most residential rooms
5 pounds
209
Buildings above what height will many times be required to be built of class 1 construction
6 stories
210
What fires are greatly aided by vertical ventilation
Fires in attics and cocklofts and floor directly below the roof
211
What year and what happened at the Waldbaum’s supermarket fire
1978, 6 firefighters operating on a rain roof over a bowstring truss roof for an extended time due to not realizing it
212
What is the first thing that should be done when a report
| is received of a firefighter down on the incident scene?
Call for an ALS ambulance
213
How many members are initially given the task of interior
| operations under the Ladder 4 plan?
3
214
In which type of construction is the minimum fire-resistance rating of the exterior walls 2 hours
Heavy Timber
215
What is often the best method to protect exposures once a threat to them is identified
Extinguish the original fire
216
When was the New York City's Superpumper built that had a
| capacity of 8,800 gpm?
1965
217
Where does a majority of the friction loss within a hose
| originate?
Turbulence in the stream
