First Civil War Flashcards
(20 cards)
Parliamentary advantages
Control of London and wealthy South-east
Strong navy ironically funded by Ship Money
Slow and weak decision making- those such as Manchester lacked determination
Monarch advantages
Rich noblemen who made large funds- Marquess of Worcester gave £100,000
Significant support in aristocracy, rural areas, North and West
Title of King- above all, clear objective
Battle of Edgehill October 1642
Inconclusive
First and biggest battle
Charles’ 3 armies
Oxford- led by Charles, made his capital
North- Lord Newcastle
South-West- Hopton, captured Bristol
Excise tax by Pym July 1643
Secured more money for the Parliament
Tax on trade
First Battle of Newbury September 1643
Stopped Charles from advancing to London, crucial in maintaining Parliamentary control
Irish cessation September 1643
Cessation by Ormonde to bring more troops for Royalist cause
Ineffective- most Irish troops came in weak and scattered due to Parliamentary control of sea
Solemn League and Covenant by Pym September 1643?
Brought 20,000 Scots in exchange for Presbyterianism in England
Highly effective
County Committees established
collected local resources, confiscated royalist land in Parliamentary areas- pivotal in local governance and resource management
Committee of both Kingdoms
Made by Pym
Coordinated Scots and Parliamentarians
Battle of Marston Moor July 1644
Parliament crushes Northern Royalists
One of largest and most decisive Parliamentary victories
Second Battle of Newbury in October 1644
Inconclusive, begins divisions between Parliament
King recovers castle Donnington November 1644
Manchester v. Cromwell
Cromwell accused Manchester of incompetence- latter claimed former was threatening social order
Manchester claimed if they won a hundred times, Charles would still be King
War group v Peace group
Uxbridge Propositions in 1645
Put forward by the Peace group to stop the war
Rejected and established the NMA by war group
NMA
combined 3 regional armies into 1
22,000 men funded by monthly assessments
motivated by God and religious influences
Self-Denying Ordinance 1645
Prevented aristocratic generals from holding command in army
Cromwell, MP, should have stepped down- his allies exempt him and gave him permanent command
Battle of Naseby June 1645
Decisive Parliamentary win
Turning point
4,000 Royalists surrendered
Parliament seized Charles’ carriage containing corresponance with foreign Catholics and Irish confederates
- Royalist mistake, Charles listened to Digby’s advice to strike rather than Rupert’s advice for caution against NMA
What were the outcomes of the Royalist defeats at Langport and Bristol in July-September 1645?
Further weakening of royalist forces
When did Charles surrender to the Scots?
May 1646
Marked end of Civil War, shift to peace settlements
Why did Parliament win?
Coordination by Pym
Finances, strong navy
Military skills of Cromwell
Initial divisions between peace and war group radically changed after Uxbridge propositions and NMA forming
NMA highly religioiusly motivated- promoted on merit rather than nepotism; paid
Royalists underestimated how dangerous they were
