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First Quarter Review Flashcards

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0
Q

dependent variable

A

output of the independent variable

plotted on the y-axis

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1
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated guess about how things work

form: if__ then__

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2
Q

independent variable

A

a variable that is controlled by scientist

plotted on x-axis

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3
Q

qualitative data

A

data that describes how? and what?

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4
Q

quantitative data

A

data that describes how many? or how much?

has numbers

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5
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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6
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

measure of inertia

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7
Q

chemical property

A

a property of matter that describes a substance’s ability to participate in chemical reactions
ex. inflammability

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8
Q

chemical change/reaction

A

a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties
ex. wood burning, carbon and oxygen(2) form carbon dioxide, sour milk

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9
Q

physical property

A

a characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change
ex. density, color, hardness

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10
Q

physical change

A

a change of matter from one form to the other without a change in chemical properties
ex. salt dissolving in water
all changes in state are physical changes

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11
Q

atom

A

the smallest particle in which an element can be divided and still be the same substance

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12
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons
identifies the element
determines chemical properties

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13
Q

isotopes

A

atoms that have the same number of protons but have different number of neutrons
same atomic number different mass number
atoms of the same element with different masses

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14
Q

mass number

A

number of protons + number of neutrons

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15
Q

electron

A

the negatively charged particles in an atom
likely found in the electron cloud
mass: tiny

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16
Q

energy levels

max. # of electrons of each level

A 
a layer of electrons 
formula for finding max # of electrons of each level: 2n^2
1st- 2
2nd- 8
3rd- 18
4th- 32
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17
Q

valance electrons

A

electrons on the outermost shell of electron cloud

determines the atom’s chemical properties

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18
Q

proton

A

positively charged particle
found in the nucleus
mass: 1+

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19
Q

neutron

A

no charge particle
found in nucleus
mass: 1amu
slightly bigger mass than proton

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20
Q

gas

A

the state of matter does not have a definite volume or shape
disorganized
far apart
move in straight line until they bounce off something else
lot of energy

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21
Q

liquid

A

the state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape
particles slide past each other
disorganized

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22
Q

solid

A

the state of matter in which the volume and shape of a substance are fixed
particles are close together
organized
move by vibrating

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23
Q

fluids

A

liquid
gas
plasma

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24
boiling
when a liquid turns into a gas
25
freezing
when a liquid turns into a solid
26
melting
when a solid turns into liquid
27
condensation
when a gas turns into a liquid
28
sublimation
when a solid turns into a gas
29
deposition
when a gas turns into a solid directly
30
substance
matter that has uniform and unchanging properties | cannot be separated by physical changes
31
compound
a pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined can be broken down by chemical reactions(means) definite ratio of components
32
element
a pure substance that cannot be broken down by physical or chemical means
33
mixture
a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined 2 or more components that keep their physical characteristics can be separated by physical means(changes) 2 types: heterogeneous and homogeneous
34
solution
``` homogeneous mixture smaller part: solute largest part: solvent can't be filtered or settled out on standing can't scatter light ```
35
solute
smaller part of solution | dissolved into solvent
36
solvent
largest part of solution | solute dissolves into solvent
37
colloid
``` heterogeneous mixture can't be separated by filtration can't settle out on standing can scatter light (Tyndall effect ex. jello, fog, whipped cream ```
38
suspension
``` heterogeneous mixture can be separated by filtration settles out on standing can't scatter light ex. chocolate, orange juice w/ pulp, snow globe ```
39
particle size
smallest: solution- smaller than light waves larger: colloid- bigger than light waves but not big enough to see largest: suspension- big enough to see
40
heterogeneous mixture
``` not uniformly mixed unequal distribution of parts you can see different parts 2 kinds: suspension and colloid when broken breaks into pieces ```
41
homogeneous mixture
uniformly mixed | same as solution
42
molecule
the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance held together by covalent bonds
43
Covalent Bonding Mechanism? Bond? Atom kind need?
when two elements share valence electrons electron sharing the nuclei's attraction for the shared electrons non-metal
44
naming covalent compounds
first word- prefix if more than one (of element) and element name (never use mono- on first word) second word- prefix & element root & "ide" NO CRISSCROSS!!! no double vowels so drop a vowel (unless it is an "i")
45
Ionic Bonding Mechanism? Bond? Atom kind needed?
bonding with ions electrons transfer attraction of the positive cation and the negative anion non-metal and metal
46
naming ionic compounds
first word- name the cation (keep name of parent ion) | second word- name the anion (change ending to "ide")
47
inert
chemically non-reactive | noble gases are inert
48
Metallic Bonding | Atom kind needed?
the bond is the attraction of the nuclei for "sea of valence electrons" or "giant valence electron cloud" metal
49
cation
positively charged ion losing electrons more protons
50
anion
negatively charged ion gains electrons more electrons
51
period/series | same # of?
horizontal row of elements on the periodic table | principle energy levels
52
group/family | same # of?
vertical column of elements on the periodic table | valence electrons
53
Law of Conservation of Energy
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed through ordinary chemical or physical changes but can be converted into other forms
54
Law of Conservation of Matter
states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
55
Density equation
``` D=m/V m=mass V=volume m=D x V V=m/D ```
56
Law of Conservation of Charges
states that charges cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical changes
57
alkaline earth elements
``` group 2 on the periodic table lose 2 electrons bond:2+ metal properties metallic bonding and ionic bonding ```
58
halogens
``` the seventeenth group in the periodic table gain 1 electron bond: 1- nonmetal properties covalent bonding and ionic bonding ``` gases: chlorine, fluorine liquids: bromine
59
alkali elements
``` group 1 on the periodic table lose 1 electron bond: 1+ metallic bonding and ionic bonding metal properties ```
60
transition elements
groups 3-12 on the periodic table | metallic bonding and ionic bonding
61
inner transition elements
both rows on the bottom of the periodic table metal properties make cations
62
noble gases
``` group 18 on the periodic table don't share, gain, or lose electrons (octet rule) inert colorless odorless gases ```
63
metals
``` left of the zigzag line shiny ductile good conductors of electric current malleable good conductors of thermal energy ```
64
metalloids
``` border the zigzag line shiny brittle hard but brittle good conductor of electric current ```
65
rare earth elements
1st row on the bottom of the periodic table
66
acid
any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions (H3O+), when dissolved in water (hydronium is greater than hydroxide) pH<7 electrolytes, solutions conduct electricity sour taste not slippery reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas
67
base
any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions (OH-), when dissolved in water (hydroxide is greater than hydronium) bitter taste has slippery solutions electrolytes, solutions conduct electricity
68
nonmetals
``` right of the zigzag line not malleable or ductile not shiny poor conductors of thermal energy and electric current (opposite of metal) brittle ```
69
pH
measure of concentration of hydronium ions H3O+
70
reactant
the starting substance or molecule in a chemical reaction
71
product
the new substances that forms in a chemical reaction
72
neutral
pH=7 | number of hydronium ions equal the number of hydroxide ions
73
synthesis reaction
a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound A+X-AX single product
74
decomposition
a reaction in where a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances one compound-2 or more substances AX-A+X reactant is compound
75
yield
(arrow)
76
single-replacement reaction
a reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound an element and a compound-a different element and compound A+BX-B+AX(cation replacement), or Y+BX-X+BY(anion replacement)
77
double-replacement reaction
a reaction in which a gas, a solid precipitate, or molecular compound forms from the exchange of ions between two compounds two compounds-two different compounds AX+BY-AY+BX
78
combustion
substance + oxygen oxygen is a reactant, product is oxides, light, and heat product of hydrocarbon is CO2 and H2O ex. 2H2+O2-2H2O
79
nucleon
protons or neutrons
80
nuclide
single type of nucleus (a specific number of protons and neutrons)
81
radioactivity
process by which an unstable nucleus releases particles and/or energy to get to a stable energy state
82
radioactive
describes a nucleus in an unstable state
83
radiation
the particles of energy given off by a radioactive nucleus
84
alpha (symbols, mass #, charge,etc.)
``` a, a2+, ^4 2He2+, ^4 2He mass #= 4 charge=2+ helium nucleus not much energy is given off, sheet of paper can shield alpha particles alpha increases proton-neutron ratio ```
85
beta (symbols, mass#, charge, etc.)
``` B, B-, e-, ^0 -1e mass #= 0 charge= 1- high energy electron decreases proton-neutron ratio ```
86
gamma (symbol, mass #, charge, etc.)
``` Y mass #= 0 charge= 0 electromagnetic energy waves proton-neutron ratio stays same ```
87
positron
same mass as electron, positive charge
88
band of stability
as the # of protons increases, the # of neutrons required to stabilize the nucleus increases too if there are too many protons or neutrons, the nucleus is not stable to get to a stable energy state, unstable nucleus undergoes a nuclear reaction, has to have a mass of 1-1.5 to be stable
89
half life
the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay to get age of substance after decay, x the # of half-lives that have passed by the half-life of the substance
90
writing formulas for ionic compounds
1. write the ions including charge 2. if ion charges match- only write the symbols 3. if ion charges don't match- Crisscross (where you switch the ion charges)
91
Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
E=mc^2 E=energy m=matter c=constant

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