Fischer Reproduction Test 3: Part 2 Flashcards
Q8:
What is the most common location for breast cancer?
Upper outer quadrant (45%)
Central, underneath the areola (25%)
Q9:
Define comedocarcinoma
old terminology for non-invasive intraductal carcinoma.
Q10:
What’s the difference between in situ and invasive?
What determines what type of tumor it is (soft or hard)
Whether or not the tumor cells penetrate basement membrane
Invasive: Breaching of the basement membrane
- Ductal (non-or invasive) –> unilateral, hard tumor
- Lobular (non-or invasive, terminal ducts) –> multi-focal, bilateral, soft/deep tumors.
Q11:
What is the single prognostic factor that is characteristic of breast cancer?
Breast cancer tends to METASTASIZE VIA LYMPHATICS; most found in the AXILLARY AREA.
Q12:
What are the clusters seen in Hydatidiform Mole (molar pregnancy)? (complete vs. incomplete)
- Swollen hydropic villi
- Hydropic villi
- Snowstorm pattern
Swollen hydropic villi:
Complete: paternal 23 duplicates to 46 without maternal chromosome by androgenesis –> placenta undergo hydropic degeneration
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Hydropic villi:
Incomplete: 2 sperm fertilize 1 egg –> 69 chromosomes –> embryo develop partially –> has scattered grape like clusters
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- The snowstorm pattern is found within the uterus’
- Best method – Ultrasound – early detection (SnowStorm Pattern)
- No fetal heart beat
- No fetal movement
Q13:
Placenta that invades passed the endometrium, at the level of myometrium is called?
- At underlying myometrium is called?
- At full thickness of the uterine wall
- Placenta Accreta
- Increta
- Percreta
Q14:
What is the normal volume of amniotic fluid at birth?
- How much amniotic fluid does a fetus swallow and excrete daily?
- One liter
- Swallows: 400ml of amniotic fluid
- Excretes 500ml urine daily.
Q15:
In a normal placenta, which side (maternal or fetal) would you find the cotelydon?
- Maternal side
maternal surface = dark side, divided in to lobules/cotyledons
Q16:
In a normal placenta, which side (maternal or fetal) would you find the amniocorionic membrane?
- Fetal side
fetal surface = shiny, gray, amnio-chorionic membrane (wrinkled, translucent
Q17:
What happens during a decidual reaction
-Where would you find it?
- endometrial stroma thickens, become more vascularized => decidual cells.
- appears in the generalized area where the blastocyst contacts the endometrial decidua.
Q18:
Which hormone in the placenta is the pregnancy hormone?
What is its function?
hCG = pregnancy hormone, increase progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum
Q18:
Which hormone in the placenta is the growth hormone?
What is its function?
Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) = fetal growth hormone, induces lipoysis, increase FFA in mother.
Q 18:
What is a placental abnormality that has NO clinical significance?
ACCESSORY (SUCCENTURIATE) LOBES: one or many extra lobes of placental tissue near the main placenta, linked by thin chorionic tissue. (Might be retained after birth –> postpartum bleeding)
Q19:
What is the normal distribution of arteries and veins in the umbilical cord?
- Two arteries ( right and left, deoxy to placenta)
- One vein ( left, oxy to fetus)
Q20:
Define Amnion Nodosa?
- The presence of numerous small, gray or yellow nodules on the fetal surface which may be associated with OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS (low amniotic fluid) and renal agenesis (POTTERS SYNDROME).
Q21:
What is the most feared complication of having thick meconium of the baby?
Meconium: earliest stool of a baby.
ASPIRATION causing a fetal chemical pneumonitis
Q22:
What is the most common cause of the acute chorioamnionitis, inflammation of the placental membranes?
– How is it induced.
Chorioamnionitis = infection/inflammation ( commonly due to premature rupture of the amniochorionic membranes) of the placental amnion, chorion, extraplacental membranes.
- It is induced and occurs spontaneously.
- INDUCED WITH HOOK.
Q23:
If chorioamnionitis is the infection of the chorion and the amnion. what is the term for the spread of the infection to the umbilical cord?
FUNISITIS
Q24:
What are the most common bacteria causing chorioamnionitis?
MYCOPLASMA SPECIES ( M. hominis and U. urealyticum)
- Then in decreasing order:
1) Anaerobic Bacteroides group
2) Aerobes group B Strep E. Coli
3) Gardnerella vaginalis
- Then in decreasing order:
Q25:
Germ cells start migration from where to where?
-What do they differentiate into in the male
Starts from the yolk sac to the urogenital (gonadal/genital) ridge.
- Testes
Q26:
What is semen?
semen = sperm + seminal secretions
2.5-6.0ml, 50-100 million sperms/ml. pH 7.35-7.50
Q26:
Name the three accessory gland that produces seminal fluid and which one produces the most
- Seminal vesicles: 60% volume of semen, alkaline, rich in sugar fructose
- Prostate gland: 13-33% volume of semen, alkaline fluid, milky appearance.
- Bulbourethral (Cowpers) glands: 7-10% of semen, alkaline fluid, mucoid consistency.
Q27:
Histologically, which two structures have ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Epididymis: stores sperm and its wall contains smooth muscle
Ejaculatory duct: long tube that delivers sperm
Q29:
what is the role of Sertoli cells?
Produce secretions that are nutrients for sperm. (for support and nutrition of the spermatozoa, located between the germ cells)
