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FISH Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are finfish?

A

Aquatic vertebrae with fins for locomotion and gills for respiration

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2
Q

What are the main aquatic species?

A

Salmonids —>Atlantic salmon, pacific salmon, trout
Freshwater species —> carp, catfish, tilapia
Marine species —> bream, bass, cod, halibut

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3
Q

What are the different types of shellfish?

A

Crustaceans
Molluscs
Echinoderms —> sea urchins

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4
Q

How to crustaceans respire

A

Branchally (through gills)

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5
Q

What is the anatomy of a mollusc like?

A

Coelemic animals
Unsegmented body

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6
Q

What is the common body plan of a mollusc like?

A

Foot- for anchoring, locomotion or predation
Radula - toothy tongue
Mantle- produces the shell
Shell
Visceral mass- internal organs

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7
Q

What fish species are commonly produced in UK?

A

Atlantic salmon
Rainbow trout

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8
Q

List the species of crustaceans commonly cultivated

A

Lobster
Crab
Shrimp
Barnacles
Crayfish

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9
Q

Which mollusc species would you commonly see in aquaculture

A

Clams
Cockles
Oysters
Octopus
Squid

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10
Q

How does a cephalopod differ from other molluscs?

A

More advanced nervous system

well developed eyesight that is used in finding prey
Can change colour, shape and texture to camoflague
Have tentacles

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11
Q

What is aquaculture?

A

The growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms in a controlled/ semi controlled environment

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12
Q

What are the four different systems of aquaculture from lowest to highest intensity?

A

Ponds
Raceways
Cages
Recirculating aquaculture systems

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13
Q

Which aquatic species have flow through systems?

A

Salmonids
Brass
Bream
Shrimp

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14
Q

Which aquatic species use recirculation as water management system?

A

Juvenile production of Salmonids, bass, bream shrimp

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15
Q

What aquatic species used batch culture as water management system?

A

Shrimp
Early larvae of marine fish

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16
Q

What are pond systems and what species are commonly used?

A

Enclosed water areas, least intensive, depend on natural processes

Salmonids
Shrimp/ prawns
Catfish

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17
Q

What are raceways and what species tend to be cultured this way?

A

Rectangular, single pass systems
Built above or below ground
Gravity flow of water

Trout, Carp, prawns

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18
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using cages?

A

Pros;
Easy stocking
Easy feeding
Easy harvest

Cons;
Little environmental control
Suspect ability to predators
Little water quality control
Quick disease spread

Salmonids
Seabass

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19
Q

What is RAS like?

A

Most intensive system
Can be located anywhere
Commonly used in juvenile stages

Salmon, trout, eel, sturgeom

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20
Q

What transitions do salmon do in their life?

A

Transition from freshwater to seawater
Goes from RAS/ pond into open water cage

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21
Q

What is smoltification

A

a complex series of physiological changes where young salmonid fish adapt from living in fresh water to living in seawater

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22
Q

What physiological changes do salmon undergo during smoltering?

A

Altered body shape
Increased skin reflection (turn silver)
Altered behaviour
Change in blood chlorides
Change in gill ATP synthase levels

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23
Q

What is welfare

A

The animals normal biological function, its emotional wellbeing and ability to perform normal functions

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24
Q

How do you assess welfare on an aquaculture production unit?

A

Stocking densities
Feeding rates
Behaviour
Growth rates
Health status
Survival rates
Surface activity

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25
What does the veterinary surgeons act say in respect to fish
Performing surgery on fish isn’t considered an act of veterinary surgery So technically non vets can do it
26
What does the Animal welfare act 2006 state in relation to fish?
Fish count under welfare guidelines as they have a vertebrae
27
What does the animal welfare act 2022 suggest?
Includes cephalopods molluscs and decapod crustaceans They dont come under welfare act, rather have been recognised as sentient beings
28
What are the two different types of fish?
Bony fish —> osteichtyes —> most pet and farmed species Cartilaginous fish —> Chondrichthyes —> sharks and rays
29
What are the most common types of laboratory fish?
Zebra fish
30
What does the operculum do?
Bony flap that protects the gill Involved in buccal pump
31
What do the following 4 fins do?
Caudal fin —> tail fin, largest and most powerful, provides forward momentum Dorsal fin —> keeps fish upright and controls direction of movement Anal fin —> helps keep fish upright and stable Pectoral/ pelvis fin —> steering, balance and moving up and down in water
32
What is the lateral line?
Sense of sense organs used to detect movement, vibration and pressure gradients
33
What is important about the skin of a fish?
Barrier versus environment Osmotic barrier Lubrication Defense against pathogens
34
What is the gastrointestinal tract like?
Simple and short in carnivores (more nutrient dense diet_ Longer in herbivores
35
What is important about liver in fish?
Largest organ In anterior coelom Some fish have heptopancreas Some have pancreas separate to liver
36
Why are gills important?
Gas exchange Acid base balance Excretion of nitrogenous wastes Osmoregulation (ion exchange) Immune role
37
How much energy output is needed for osmoregulaiton
25-50%
38
What parts of fish are involved in osmoregulstiom
Gills, gut and kidney
39
How does osmoregulation work in salt water fish?
Water passively leaves fish Fish drink large quantities of water Salt excreted through urine, gills and digestive tract
40
How does osmoregulatiom in fresh water fish work?
Water passively enters fish Production and excretion of a high volume of urine with low salt concentration
41
What is the role of the swim bladder?
Mechanisms for maintaining buoying and position
42
What are the most important things in terms of water quality?
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Ammonia Nitrate Nitrites
43
What are signs of respiratory distress?
Gasping (may be behavioural to gain food) Gathering at areas of higher oxygen (water inlets) Flared gills (trying to get water in gills)
44
Why is high CO2 concentration toxic?
Fish can’t excrete through gills
45
When is oxygen concentration at its lowest in water
In morning
46
How does the nitrogen cycle work in relation to fish?
Ammonia is released from fish and decaying plants, waste product of protein metabolism Denitrifimg bacteria turns ammonia into nitrite Denitrifimg bacteria turn nitrite into nitrate
47
What is the problem, with getting a new tank and how can it be solved?
Too many fish, not enough Denitrifimg bacteria Immature filter Start with lowest number of fish and increase every 4 weeks
48
What is important to consider with home tanks?
Stocking density Species and compatibility Enrichment Plants (can affect O2 and CO2 conc. ) Water changes to remove nitrogenous compounds
49
What is difference between freshwater and saltwater tanks?
Fresh water easier to start but more open to fluctuations Saltwater requires heating, but freshwater might not Saltwater tanks need specialised lighting
50
What things are removed in RAS?
Solids filtrate Bio filter CO2 filter
51
What is pumped back in in RAS
Disinfection Pumping and cooling pH control Oxygenation
52
What should you look at when assessing fish (still in water)
Check skin Check respiration Check swimming pattern Observe rest of population and interactions
53
What are the two types of primary diagnostic exams?
Skin scrapes Gill clips —> take finer filaments, not gill arch
54
How are radiographs done?
Setting won’t be the same as usual, due to refraction of water Can do out of water with GA and quick shot out of water
55
How do ultrasounds work with fish?
Don’t get machine wet! Don’t need gel
56
What are the two different types of anaesthetics and how do they work?
MS 222 —> powder and dissolved in water, but acidic so 1;1 ratio needed with sodium bicarbonate 2 phenoxyethanol —> cheap, 1 pump per litre, can be used as quadruple dose for euthanasia Eugenol —> clove oil, not completely soluble in water
57
What are some common conditions seen with fish?
Dropsy —> not a disease but a clinical sign, caused by fluid build up in the body due to problems with osmoregulation Buoyancy issues —> floating at top or bottom, usually an issue with the swim bladder Tumours Infectious disease Dystocia Polycystic kidneys
58
Where is blood sampling done with fish?
Tail vein
59
What are some ethical considerations with aquaculture?
Impacts on the environment Welfare of fish Suitability of species on intensive environment Risks to wild populations
60
Why are zebra fish used as research models?
Genetically similar to humans Easy care Easier to introduce genetic changes Very high number of offspring

AHW (22 decks)

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