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PIGS AHW Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the following terms mean?
Porcine
Gilt
Sow-
Dry sow
Barrow
Boar
Farrowing
Piglet
Weaner

A

pig
young female before first litter
female pig that has had a litter of piglets
pregnant sow but not lactating
castrated male pig
male pig of breeding age
process of giving birth
animal from birth to weaned
animal taken off mother/milk

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2
Q

What are side cutting pliers used for?

A

Tail docking
Removing small teeth, to prevent damage between piglets

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3
Q

What are notching pliers used for?

A

To cut notches on the pliers to attach ear tags for identification

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4
Q

What is a slap tattoo used for?

A

To permanently identify/ mark pigs

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5
Q

What is a pig snare used for?

A

Catching a single pig, as larger methods are impractical
Can be used to catch feral pigs that could cause damage

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6
Q

What is the blind point on pigs?

A

Directly behind

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7
Q

When and how do you use a snout snare?

A

Used on animals > 10kg
Place the snare loop in the mouth and over the top jaw and snout of the pig- start with it as wide as possible
Snare handle held vertically in other hand
Move loop as far back in mouth as possible before tightening it

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8
Q

What behaviour would a boar show when aggressive?

A

Butt heads
Bite
Bark
Squeal
Raise neck hairs
Chomp jaws

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9
Q

How would you sex a pig?

A

Same as sheep, look under tail for how many holes
1 hole- anus- male
2 holes- anus and vulva- female

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10
Q

How would you catch a piglet

A

Approach from behind gently and slowly
Catch by grasping hind leg just above hock
Whilst holding hing leg, with other hand go under chest for support and lift
Being piglet close to your body for support, with forearm under chest

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11
Q

When and how do you tail dock a pig?

A

2-3 days old
Cauteriser is used, tail must remain longer than 6cm

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12
Q

What is a withhold period and what is the purpose of it?

A

Minimum amount of time you must wait after giving drugs before it can be used for production
Ensures that the consumers aren’t at risk from medication administered

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13
Q

Which sites must be avoided on pig when medicating and why

A

Ham and loin
May bruise or ruin cut of meat, so financial issue for farmer

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14
Q

What is the intravenous sites of medication in piglets and adults

A

Vein in ear

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15
Q

What are the IM sites in a pig?

A

Use a spot on the neck just behind and below the ear, but in front of the shoulder

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16
Q

What are the SC sites in a pig and piglet?

A

For small pigs, use the loose flaps of skin in the flank or behind the elbow.
For larger pigs, inject in neck behind the ear at the same location as for IM injections after grabbing the skin to make an elevated area to inject into.

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17
Q

What is ileitis and what are the signs of it?

A

It is caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, a bacterium that infects the intestinal tract. It causes the wall of the ileum and colon to become thickened, resulting in diarrhoea, internal bleeding, reduced feeding efficiency and impaired growth

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18
Q

What causes ileitis?

A

Prevented by rodent control, biosecurity and good hygiene
Usually spread through infected fseces

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19
Q

Where should you put a tattoo on a pig?

A

On ear with UK

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20
Q

Where should a slap mark be?

A

On both shoulders

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21
Q

When can a slap mark be used for pigs?

A

Before they leave holding premise, even if they have existing ones
Pigs must be identified from the holding they move from

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22
Q

What common breeds of pig are seen at;
- shows
- placement

A
  • Berkshire pig
    Large white/ landrace
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23
Q

What percentage of pigs are farmed
Indoors
Organic
Outdoors

A

60%
4%
36%

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24
Q

What are the stages and weights of each pig?

A

Weaner- 7-35kg
Grower- 35-40kg
Finisher- >65kg

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25
When can pigs be weaned
Under vet instruction at 21 days if sow welfare is compromised UK legal requirement of 28 days Naturally weaning occurs at 10-12 weeks when piglet GI tract is almost mature
26
When does slaughtering of pigs tend to happen
6 months
27
When do breeding boars reach sexual maturity and what is the target breeding age?
6 months 10-12 months
28
What are the requirements of age/ weight for breeding gilt?
Target breeding age is 8 months Should weight 135-140 kg Should have BCS of 3-3.5
29
What is good soundness of a boar
Select a boar that has visibly sound reproductive organs. ●The testicles should be well developed and of equal size. ●Do not select boars that have umbilical or scrotal hernias. ●Select boars that are aggressive and show a desire to mate.
30
What is good soundness of a gilt?
Gilts with small vulvas should not be kept. •Look for at least 6 good teats on each side. •Udder sections need to be well spaced. •Look for strong pasterns, sound feet and legs. •Cull sows that have problems farrowing.
31
What is the best boar to sow ratio
1;20
32
When does oestrus occur and what are the signs?
Every 21 days Swollen/ red vulva Vocalisation or barking Standing heat (standing to be receptive to mating)
33
How long is gestation period
3 months 3 weeks and 3 days Pig- 3 letters in name
34
Signs pig is in labour?
Red, swollen vulva Respiration rate increases to 60 breaths per minute
35
What is typical number of piglets in indoor vs outdoor farming
14 vs 12
36
What is colostrum requirement for piglets
150 per kg of body weight in first 16 hours
37
What is ideal pig birthweight?
1.5kg
38
What type of injection do indoor piglets need and why?
Iron deficiency anaemia injection IM injection 1-3 days post birth Don’t get iron from soil
39
What is normal HR of pig
70-80
40
What is normal resp rate of piglet and sow
Sow- 10-20 Piglet- 20-40
41
What is normal rectal temperature?
39C
42
What are common zoonotic diseases from pigs?
Brucellosis: a form of this bacterium can be transmitted from swine to humans. Workers are usually exposed by contact with reproductive fluids or tissues. Campylobacteriosis: this bacterial agent is excreted in the feces or reproductive fluids of infected animals and may be ingested Tetanus: this bacterium can be found in swine feces or soils infected with feces from pigs Ringworm: these fungi are spread by contact and can occasionally cause itching, hair loss, and scaly skin in people Salmonellosis: this bacterial agent is spread by ingestion of fecal matter via contaminated food or objects, including your hands Toxoplasmosis: infective forms of this parasite can be ingested when people consume undercooked meat products
43
What should pig housing contain
Straw- as it can be used as enrichment—> would stop tail biting Stops lameness Source of thermal control
44
What are the legalities of tail docking
Last resort 1-3 days within birth- no anaesthesia 7+ days- with anaesthesia by a vet
45
What are the legalities of tooth clipping?
Last resort Within 7 days of birth, doesn’t have to be a vet
46
How to prevent tail biting?
Ensure the following aren’t stressing out the pig? Thermal comfort, air quality and light Health and fitness Competition Diet Enrichment material (that is chewable) Pen structure and cleanliness
47
What is pig scour and what are the causes?
Diarrhoea in piglets The main bacterial causes are E. coli and clostridia and the main parasite is coccidia. This section deals principally with E. coli diarrhoea Didn’t get enough colostrum Dirty environment Changes in environment Bad antibiotic use
48
How to treat/ prevent scout?
passed on in the faeces, it is crucial to remove them and to keep slurries clean.Adding clean, extra bedding is also a good idea in the nursery. Rodents, birds, insects and fomites can carry faeces and spread pathogens between groups, therefore, pest control and internal biosecurity help in the fight against scour. Metaphylatic treatment of herd
49
Why is a post weaning check so important?
Begin to develop their own immunity, as not relying on antibodies form the sow Promptly identify poor performers or sick pigs, and treat appropriately Stream smalls into a cosy environment for specialist feeding Review hygiene protocols in relation to the challenges Review farm health plans with your herd vet, e.g. breeding herd vaccination protocols Time post wean has big effect on potential weight
50
What are the consequences of being weaned?
piglets often gut fill with water and go through partad of anorexia. Causes small intestinal villi to turn short stubby so nutrients aren’t being absorbed properly. This then results in fermentation in the large intestines and a dysregulation in bacterial microbiome, and build-up of bacterial toxins
51
What is Porcine. Respiratory and reproductive syndrome and how is it spread?
Complications- reproductive failure, pneumonia faeces, urine, and semen and can be spread by vehicles or supplies and even insects or windborne
52
What are financial problems to farmer of PPS.
May kill all foetuses Premature farrowings, late term abortions, stillborn or weak piglets and mummified fetuses. Preweaning mortality is high. Antibiotics needed to treat any secondary infections Lose livestock
53
When were pigs domesticated?
Over 9000 years ago, from wild boars
54
What are some uses of pig
Ingredients for surgical equipment Food Insulin Leather Pet food Hair Gelatin
55
What is the biggest cost for a UK pig farmer
Finisher/ fattener feed
56
What weight are most pigs slaughtered?
100kg
57
How much of deadweight mest is usuabale
About 54-60%
58
How to reduce stress of pigs to increase pork output?
Rule number one: NO mixing of pigs (this isn’t always adhered to) •No mixing from weaning to slaughter, pigs only split into smaller groups • Minimise handling • Environmental stimuli to help reduce aggression •Stocking density •Low density= Better meat quality •Low density= Higher cost of production
59
What does the red tractor scheme cover?
both indoor and outdoor systems, environmental factors, and antibiotic usage
60
What is used to calculate lean mean percentage?
Cold carcass weight and P2 (fat depth)
61
What are farm assurance schemes
They hold certain standards that pig producers must adhere to if they wish to carry that logo on their products.
62
What does the rspca assured scheme mean?
prohibit the use of farrowing crates must also be provided with a dry, warm and comfortable shelter when living outside do not allow pigs to be kept on bare slatted or concrete floor The RSPCA standards never allow the routine use of mutilations. In some cases, the RSPCA may grant permission to allow pigs to be tail docked, have their teeth clipped or fitted with a nose ring where a vet has provided evidence that the procedure is needed to overcome a serious welfare issue
63
Why at does the red tractor assurance scheme focus on?
Food safety clear focus on housing conditions, nutrition, hygiene and animal care, with regular veterinary oversight, our standards prioritise preventing the need for antibiotics in the first place, along with their responsible use on far
64
What does red tractor scheme check?
- identification and traceability of pigs - good vermin control - housing should be clean and suitable - any fallen stock are handled so they don’t affect environment - well managed transportation
65
What are some examples of abortion diseases in pigs
Brucellosis Leptospirosis Porcine parvovirus Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

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