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Science > Flash Card #3 > Flashcards

Flash Card #3

1
Q

What does evolution mean?

A

the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

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2
Q

How is animal evolution classified?

A

Jawless fish to cartilaginous fish to bony fish to amphibians to reptiles to birds to Mammals

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3
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

a signal that causes an organism to react in some way.

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4
Q

What is a response?

A

an organism’s reaction to a stimulus. (All animal behaviors are caused by stimuli)

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5
Q

What is the function of animal behavior?

A

survival and reproduction

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6
Q

What is an instinct?

A

behavior without being taught (not learned); a response that is inborn (coded in the genes) and performed correctly the first time.

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7
Q

What is learned behavior?

A

change in behavior based on practice or experience.

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8
Q

What is imprinting?

A

newborn recognizes and follows the first moving object they see

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9
Q

What is conditioning?

A

a specific stimulus or response leads to a good or a bad outcome

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10
Q

What is trial and error learning?

A

repeated practice that results in a reward and avoids behaviors that result in a punishment.

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11
Q

What is insight learning?

A

using what you know to solve a problem.

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12
Q

What is communication?

A

animals use sounds, scents, body movements to communicate.

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13
Q

What is pheromone?

A

a chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species

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14
Q

What is courtship behavior?

A

behavior to prepare for mating.

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14
Q

What is aggression?

A

a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another animal. Aggression is due to competition over limited resources

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15
Q

What is group behavior?

A

beneficial for safety in numbers and sharing

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16
Q

What is circadian rhythms?

A

behavior cycles that occur over a day

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17
Q

What is hibernation?

A

sleep/reduced activity during winter in which the need for food has stopped.

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18
Q

What is migration?

A

routine, seasonal journey of an animal from one place to another and back again.

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19
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal?

A

shape & support, move (locomotion), protect organs, produce blood cells, store minerals

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20
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

backbone

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21
Q

What is a vertebrae?

A

disc-like small bones separated
by cartilage

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22
Q

What is cartilage?

A

cushion

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23
Q

What is a joint?

A

where two bones come together;
allows bones to move in different ways

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24
What are Immovable joints?
joints that have no movement
25
What are Movable Joints?
joints that have movement
26
What are ligaments?
tissue holding joints together; bone to bone
27
What is a hinge joint?
joints that move forward/backward
28
What is a ball & socket joint?
joints that have free movement
29
What is a pivot joint?
joints that have side to side rotation
30
What are gliding joints?
joints that have sliding motion
31
What is a compact bone?
hard, dense; carrying blood vessels and nerves
32
What is a spongy bone?
holes (porous); lightweight but strong
33
What is a marrow?
soft tissue inside bone
34
What is red marrow?
produces blood cells
35
What is osteoporosis?
mineral loss leading to weak, brittle bones.
35
What is yellow marrow?
stores fat (energy)
36
What is conscious?
self awareness
37
What is unconscious?
not aware
38
What are involuntary muscles?
not under conscious control
39
What are voluntary muscles?
under conscious control
40
What are striated muscles?
muscle with lines
41
What are nonstriated muscles?
muscles without lines
42
What are Skeletal muscles?
attached to and moves, bones of the skeleton, Striated muscle, Voluntary muscle, Quick, fast but tires quickly
43
What is a tendon?
attached muscle to bone
44
What is a cardiac muscle?
heart only striated, branching muscle, involuntary muscle, does not tire
45
What is a smooth muscle?
part of internal organs and blood vessels. not striated, involuntary muscle, moves slowly, tires more slowly
46
Why do muscles work in pairs?
They work in pairs because Muscle cells can only contract (they cannot extend or expand). One muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes
47
What are the functions of the skin?
Covers and protects from injury, infection, water loss, Regulates body temperature, Removes waste (perspiration), Collects environmental information, Produces Vitamin D
48
What does the skin consist of?
the epidermis and dermis
49
What is the epidermis?
No nerves, no blood vessels
50
What is the upper epidermis?
consists of dead cells which shed after two weeks
51
What is the lower epidermis?
consists of living epidermal cells which divide forming new cells. After two weeks, they die, move upward becoming part of the Upper Epidermis surface layer.
52
What is the function of the epidermis?
protects, cushions, carries away bacteria, produces melanin.
53
What is melanin?
skin (color) pigment which protects against burning
54
What is the dermis?
located below the epidermis and above the fat layer, contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles.
55
What are oil glands?
waterproof hair and keeps skin moist
55
What are sweat glands?
produce perspiration (temperature regulation)
56
What are hair follicles?
site of hair growth
57
What is the below dermis?
Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone
58
How do you maintain good skin health?
diet, keep clean and dry, limit sun exposure
58
What are the functions of the digestive system?
breakdown food into nutrient molecules, absorption of nutrient molecules (into Circulatory System), eliminate solid waste (Excretory System)
59
What is absorption?
nutrient molecules pass through the wall of small intestine into bloodstream(Circulatory System)
60
What is digestion?
breakdown food into nutrient molecules.
61
What is mechanical digestion?
physical breakdown by chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach)
62
What is chemical digestion?
chemicals (enzymes, acids) breakdown food.
63
How does the mouth help in digestion?
digestion begins; saliva contains water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down starches). Teeth physically breaks down food.
64
What are incisors?
cut into pieces
65
What are canines?
tear, slash into pieces
66
What are molars?
crush and grind into powder
67
What are enzymes?
protein that speeds up chemical reactions
68
What is the esophagus?
muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach
69
What is the epiglottis?
flap (sheet) of tissue which seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs.
69
What is peristalsis?
involuntary muscular contractions that push food toward stomach and through intestines.
70
What is the stomach?
holds/stores food; where protein breakdown begins: mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes) occurs.
71
What are digestive juices?
HCL acid and pepsin (enzyme).
71
What is pepsin?
enzyme that breaks down protein.
72
What is HCL acid?
chemical that breaks down solid food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria
73
What is mucus?
covers stomach wall which protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in stomach wall)
74
what is the function of the small intestine?
most chemical digestion and absorption (into Circulatory System)
75
What occurs in the small intestine?
enzymes enter small intestine from small intestine wall, liver and pancreas. Wall covered by finger-like villi which absorb nutrient molecules. Villi increases surface area which increases the rate of absorption. (feeding of body cells) Nutrient molecules move by osmosis from small intestine into capillaries (Circulatory System).
76
What is the function of the liver?
breaks down medicine and alcohol (poisons, toxins), removes nitrogen, produces bile
77
What is bile?
stored in the gallbladder (below the liver); like a “dish detergent”, physically breaks down large fat particles into small fat particles.
78
What is the function of the pancreas?
produces enzymes which enter the small intestine and chemically breaks down fats, proteins and complex carbohydrates (starch).
79
What are the function of the large intestine?
contains good bacteria that produces Vitamin K (clots blood) removes water from undigested food which enters the bloodstream by absorption.
80
What is the rectum?
stores undigested solid waste
81
What is the anus?
muscular opening at end of rectum

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