flash cards micro
(120 cards)
1
Q
Preserves morphology but not internal structures;
Pass slide over bunsen burner
A
Heat fixation
2
Q
What Structure gives rigid support and protects agains osmotic pressure?
A
Peptidoglycan
3
Q
Cell wall/Cell membrane found in which type of bacteria?
A
gram positive
4
Q
Major surface antigen of gram negative
A
Outer membrane - contains the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1
5
Q
Composition of endotoxin
A
Lipopolysaccharide
6
Q
Site of oxidative and transport enzymes in bacteria
A
Plasma membrane
7
Q
Site of protein synthesis in bacteria
A
Ribosome (50S and 30S)
8
Q
Space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria:
A
Periplasm
9
Q
Where are beta-lactamases in bacteria?
A
In periplasm of gram negative bacteria
10
Q
Bacterial structure protects agains phagocytosis:
A
Capsule
11
Q
Mediates adherence of bacteria to cell surface. sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation.
A
Pilus/fimbria
12
Q
Composition of bacterial pilus/fimbria
A
Glycoprotein
13
Q
Provide resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals. Contain dipicolinic acid
A
Bacterial spores
14
Q
Keratin like coat that gives bacteria resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals.
A
Dipicolinic acid of SPORES
15
Q
Contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins
A
Bacterial Plasmid (made of DNA)
16
Q
Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (eg: indwelling catheters)
A
Glycocalyx
17
Q
Allow some organisms to colonize mucosal surfaces
A
IgA proteases
S.pneumo, N.meningitidis, N.gonorrhoeae, H.influenza
18
Q
Used to directly see if an organism is present within a patient.
A
Direct Fluorescant Antibody Test
19
Q
Used to see if patient has antibodies agains a certain pathogen.
A
Indirect Fluorescant Antibody Test
20
Q
Structures within bacterial cell walls that are common to both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
A
Flagellum, Pilus, Capsule, Peptidoglycan, Cytoplasmic membrane
21
Q
Structures in cell wall unique to gram positive organisms.
A
Teichoic acid
Cell wall
22
Q
Structures in cell wall unique to gram negative organisms
A
Endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane)
Periplasm
23
Q
Is too thin to be visualized using traditional gram stain. Use darkfield microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining
A
Stain for Treponema
24
Q
Is an Intracellular parasite - so does NOT stain well.
A
Stain for Rickettsia
25
Is primarily intracellular so does NOT gram stain well. Need silver stain.
Stain for Legionella pneumophilia
26
Is an intracellular parasite so does NOT gram stain well. Also Lacks muramic acid in cell wall
Stain for Chlamydia
27
Phase of bacterial growth curve where there is metabolic activity without division.
Lag Phase
28
Phases of Bacterial growth curve
Phases:
1) Lag phase
2) Log phase
3) Stationary phase
4) Death phase
29
Phase of the bacterial growth curve where there is Rapid cell division.
Log phase
30
Phase of the bacterial growth curve where Nutrient depletion slows growth.
Stationary phase
31
Phase of the bacterial growth curve where there is prolonged nutrient depletion and buildup of waste products lead to death.
Death phase
32
Chemical composition of exotoxins.
Polypeptides
33
Location of genes for endotoxins.
Bacterial chromosome
34
Location of genes for exotoxins
Plasmid or bacteriophage
35
Induces high-titer antibodies called antitoxins.
Exotoxins
36
Poorly antigenic
Endotoxin
37
Typical diseases caused by exotoxins.
Tetanus, Botulism, Diphtheria
38
Typical diseases caused by endotoxins
Meningococcemia, sepsis by gram negative rods
39
Bind directly to MHC II and T-cell receptor, activating large number of T cells to stimulate release of IFN-gamma, and IL-2.
Superantigens
| S.aureus, S.pyogenes
40
Component attaches an ADP-ribosyl to a host cell protein (ADP ribosylation) altering protein function.
A component of AB toxin
41
5 Organisms that secretes ADP ribosylating Toxins.
1) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2) Vibrio cholerae
3) E.coli
4) Pseudomonas
5) Bordetella pertussis
42
Toxins that inactivate EF-2
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
| Pseudomonas (exotoxin A)
43
Inactivates elongation facto (EF-2) causing pharyngitis and "pseudomembrane" in throat.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
44
ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase; increasing pumping of Cl- H20 into gut.
Vibrio cholerae
45
toxin stimulates Adenylate Cyclase
Heat labile
46
toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase
Heat stable
47
Stimulates adenylate cyclase; causes whooping cough; inhibits chemokine receptor causing lymphocytosis.
Bordetella pertussis
48
NT inhibited by C. tetani that causes lockjaw.
Glycine
49
NT inhibited by botulinum that causes CNS paralysis.
Acetylcholine
50
Produced by Shigella and also E.coli O157:H7. Cleaves host cell rRNA and enhances cytokine release causing HUS.
Shiga toxin
51
Lipopolysaccharide found in cell wall of gram negative bacteria that Activate macrophages (IL-1, TNF, NO), Activate Complement (C3a, C5a), Activate Hageman factor (causing coagulation cascade which can lead to DIC).
Endotoxin
52
Fermentation Patterns of Neisseria
MeninGococci ferment Maltose and Glucose
Gonocci ferment Glucose
53
Gram +, Cocci, Clusters, Catalase +, Coagulase +
S.aureus
54
Gram +, Cocci, Clusters, Catalase +, Coagulase -, Novobiocin Sensitive
S.epidermidis (SEnsitive = S.Epidermis)
55
Gram +, Cocci, Clusters, Catalase +, Coagulase -, Novobiocin resistant
S.saprophyticus (Resistant = Strong = Saphrophyticus)
56
Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Alpha (green) hemolysis, Capsule, Optochin sensitive, Bile soluble
S.pneumoniae
57
Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Alpha (green) hemolysis, No capsule, Optochin resistant, Not bile soluble
Viridans streptococci (S.mutans)
58
Alpha (green) hemolytic streptococci
S. pneumoniae: Capsule, +Quelling, Optochin sensitive, Bile soluble
S. mutans (viridans): No capsule, Optochin resistant, not bile soluble
59
Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Beta (clear) hemolysis, Bacitracin sensitive
Group A Strep (S.pyogenes): Bacitracin sensitive
60
Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Beta (clear) hemolysis, Bacitracin resistant
Group B Strep (S.agalactiae): Bacitracin resistant
61
Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Gamma (no) hemolysis
Enterococcus (E.faecalis and Peptostreptococcus)
62
Gram -, Cocci, Maltose fermenter
N. meningitidis
63
Gram -, Cocci, Maltose non-fermenter
N. gonorrhoeae
64
Uses Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin).
H.influenza
65
Uses Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar.
B. pertussis
66
Bacterial Genetics: Direct cell-to-cell transfer
Conjugation
67
Culture that can be used for C. diphtheriae
Tellurite plate
Loffler's medium
Blood agar
68
Bacterial genetics: Phage-mediated cell to cell DNA transfer.
Transduction
69
Bacterial Genetics: Purified DNA taken up by a cell.
Transformation
70
Bacterial Genetics: DNA transfer to same or another chromosome or plasmid within a cell.
Transposition
71
Nature of DNA transferred in Transposition
DNA sequences "jumping genes"
72
What part of lungs is Mycobacterium TB found?
Apices of the lung (b/c it is an obligate aerobe, and the apices of the lung have the highest PO2)
73
Which organisms lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase?
Obligate anaerobes
74
Alpha-hemolytic bacteria
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae (catalase -, optochin sensitive)
2. Viridans streptococci (catalse -, optochin resistant)
75
Beta-hemolytic bacteria
1. Staphylococcus aureus (catalase/coagulase +)
2. Streptococcus pyogenes (catalase -, bacitracin sensitive)
3. Steptococcus agalactiae (catalase -, bacitracin resistant)
4. Listeria monocytogenes (tumbling motility, meningitis newborns, unpasteurized milk)
76
Degrades H202, an antimicrobial product of PMNs. H202 is a substrate for myeloperoxidase.
Catalase
77
virulence factor that binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis
Protein A
78
Due to exfoliative toxin (s.aureus)
Scalded skin syndrome
79
Alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens
Lecithinase
80
The only bacterium with a protein capsule.
Bacillus anthracis
81
Inhalation of Anthrax spores from contaminated wool.
Wollsorter's disease
82
Gram-positive, weakly acid fast aerobe in soil causing pulmonary infection in ICH
Nocardia asteroides
83
Causes meningococcemia and meningitis. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
N.meningitidis
Lipooligosaccharide endotoxin
84
Most invasive type of H.influenza
Capsular type B (Vaccine contains type B capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or other protein)
85
Given between 2 and 18 months. Contains type B polysaccharide conjugated to diptheria toxoid or other protein
H.influenza vaccine
86
Polysaccharide of endotoxin, found in enterobacteriaceae
Somatic O antigen
87
The 3A's of Klebsiella
Aspiration pneumonia
Abscess in lungs
Alcoholics
88
Symptoms of what bacterium can be prolonged with antibiotic treatment.
Salmonella
89
What bacterium is commonly transmitted from pet feces (puppies), contaminated milk, or pork?
Yersinia enterocolitica. (outbreaks are very common in day-care centers)
*can mimic Crohn's disease or appendicitis
90
Etiologic agent of food poisoning from reheated rice.
Bacillus cereus
91
Etiologic agent of Food poisoning from meats, mayonnaise, custard.
Staph aureus
92
Etiologic agent of food poisoning from reheated meat dishes.
Clostridium perfringens
93
Etiologic agent of food poisoningdue to improperly canned foods (bulging cans).
Clostridium botulinum
94
Etiologic agent of food poisoning from undercooked meat (cheeseburger).
E.coli 0157:H7
95
Etiologic agent of food poisoning from poultry, meat, and eggs.
Salmonella
96
Bloody diarrhea from a comma- or S-shaped organism growing at 42C and oxidase positive.
Campylobacter
97
Bloody diarrhea from gram -, motile, lactose negative bacteria.
Salmonella
98
Gram -, non-motile, lactose negative, low ID50 organism causing bloody diarrhea.
Shigella
99
Shiga-like toxin
Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (bloody diarrhea)
100
Organism causing bloody diarrhea. Picked up at daycare. Presents as pseudoappendicitis
Yersinia enterocolitica
101
Bloody diarrhea after clindamycin administration
C.difficile (pseudomembranous colitis)
102
Stain for Legionella pneumophilia
Silver stain. (Think of a French leegionnaire (soldier) with his silver helmet, sitting around a campfire (charcoal) with his iron dagger - he is no sissy (cysteine)
103
DOC for Legionnaires' disease
Erythromycin
104
Aerobic gram-negative rod. Non-lactose fermenting. Oxidase +
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
105
Produces both an endotoxin and exotoxin A.
```
Pseudomonas
Endotoxin (fever, shock). Exotoxin A (inactivates EF-2)
```
106
Txt of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Aminoglycoside plus extended-spectrum penicillin (eg: piperacillin and ticarcillin)
107
A blue-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Pyocyanin
108
Primary TB localizes usually in lower lobes. Also affects the hilar nodes.
Ghon complex
109
Usually in apex of lung. Causes a fibrocaseous cavitary lesion. Caused by reinfection.
Secondary TB infection
110
PPD is what type of hypersensitivity
Type IV
111
Chronic disease with hypopigmented skin and loss of sensation that prefers cooler areas of skin.
Hanson's disease (leprosy)
112
Gram -, obligate intracellular organisms that infect vascular endothelium
Rickettsiae
DOC: Tetracycline
113
Classic Triad of Rickettsiae
Headache, fever, rash
114
Small, non-motile, obligate intracellular (need ATP/NAD from host) bacteria/parasites that cause mucosal infections
Chlamydiae
115
Two forms of Chlamydiae
1. Elementary body (small and dense) which Enters cell via Endocytosis.
2) Initial or Reticulate body, which Replicates in cell by fusion
116
Reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, and nongonococcal urethritis
Chlamydia trachomatis
117
What type of hypersensitivity is caused by Chlamydia salpingitis?
Type IV hypersensitivity
| TH1 lymphocyte response
118
Erythema chronicum migrans
Lyme disease
3 stages:
1) Erythema chronicum migrans, flulike sx
2) Neurologic and cardia manifestations
3) autoimmune migratory polyarthritis
Manifestations: Bell's palsy, Arthritis, Kardiac block, Erythema chronicum migrans
DOC: Tetracycline, Doxycycline, or penicillins
119
Broad based ataxia, positive Romberg, Charcot joints, stroke w/o hypertension
Neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis)
120
Budding yeast with pseudohyphae in culture at 20C; germ tube formation at 37C
Candida albicans
DOC:
Nystatin for superficial infections
Amphotericin B for serious systemic infection
