flashcards for essay

Question 1

example of inhibition of SS

Answer 1

ATPase YscN has been targeted for T3SS in Yersinia pestis

Question 2

S.aureus and quorum sensing

Answer 2

quorum sensing increases release of virulence factors e.g. proteases, toxins, lectinsand biofilm polymers). QS inhibitors have been shown to reduce release of VF and aid clearance of pathogens in plants and animlas

Question 3

anti-toxin vaccines

Answer 3

inhibit the function of toxins. Toxins have no function (just metabolic cost). Virulence factor negative strains are under positive selection

Question 4

diphtheria and anti-toxin

Answer 4

led to return a commensal state and a decrease in a toxin-positive strain

Question 5

negative of anti-toxin drugs

Answer 5

lead to increase in virulent strains in the untreated

Question 6

positive of anti-virulence methods

Answer 6

reduced selection for resistance and decrease in alterations microbiome

Question 7

negative of ant-virulence methods

Answer 7

studies have shown that bacteria are developing methods of resistance

Question 8

cell wall

Answer 8

penicillin

Question 9

DNA gyrase

Answer 9

ciprofloxacin

Question 10

protein synthesis

Answer 10

streptomycin

Question 11

RNA elongatin

Answer 11

actinomycin

Question 12

antibiotic resistance is

Answer 12

one of the worlds most pressing problems

Question 13

lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

Answer 13

produce vit B

Question 14

EPS

Answer 14

extracellular polymeric structure

Question 15

EPS allows

Answer 15

emerging biofilms to develop into a complex

Question 16

localised nutrient gradients in biofilms suit

Answer 16

oligotrophy as well as copiotrophs

Question 17

example of cooperation

Answer 17

e.g. nitrification- some cells are ammonia oxidiser and other are nitrite oxidisers

Question 18

why has yersinia pests ATPase YscB system been targeted

Answer 18

because it is part of the T3SS and necessary for delivery virulence factors

Question 19

how much stronger do antibiotics need to be for biofilm bacteria

Answer 19

1000x

Question 20

why are biofilm infections more dangerous

Answer 20

because they take longer to be cleared by antibiotics, so more disease is caused

Question 21

how many species of bacteria in the mouth

Answer 21

over 700- mainly facultative anaerobes e.g. Streptococcus mutans

Question 22

how many HAIs are caused by biofilm infections

Answer 22

65%

Question 23

how many UTIs caused by biofilm infections

Answer 23

95%

Question 24

how many bacteriema infections caused by biofilms

Answer 24

87%

Question 25

surgical equipment acquire organisms and ......... colonise within 7 days

Answer 25

5-10%

Question 26

MRSA may achieve depths of .... within 2 hours

Answer 26

5-6 cells

Question 27

penetration of antibiotics into biofilms on stainless steel may fail to eradicate infection and

Answer 27

surgery may be the only options

Question 28

1.6 million

Answer 28

species of fungi

Question 29

how many fungal human pathogens

Answer 29

300

Question 30

top 10 opportunistic invasive pathogens

Answer 30

cause more deaths than TB or malaria

Question 31

the CDC says that

Answer 31

1 million deaths are caused by cryptococcal men and 162,500 cases in sub-saharan africa

Question 32

in the US how many AIDS patients get a cryptococcal infection

Answer 32

5-10%- 30% mortality

Question 33

how many americans infection with histoplasma in USA/ year

Answer 33

500,000

Question 34

how many primary fungal infections will become pulmonary or disseminated

Answer 34

10-25%

Question 35

when aspergillosis becomes disseminated

Answer 35

60-90% mortality

Question 36

P.jiroveccii was originally thought to be

Answer 36

a protozoan since it could not be grown in a lab due to theft it scavenges amino acids of their host, since they cant metabolise their own

Question 37

mortality of pneumocystisis

Answer 37

5-40%

Question 38

candidiasis is

Answer 38

the second most common fungal pathogen

Question 39

75% of women

Answer 39

will get a vaginal fungal infection

Question 40

candidiasis can effect

Answer 40

the blood, brain, lungs, heart, eyes and bones - in the US candidiasis is one of the most common blood infection - symptoms include fever/chills which don't improve with antibiotics

Question 41

there are parts f the world where

Answer 41

specific anti fungal sa re not available

Question 42

flucoytosine should only be used in

Answer 42

life threatening disseminated infection

Question 43

flu cytosine is used to treat

Answer 43

yeast infections - candida and c.neoformans

Question 44

allyamines are used to treat

Answer 44

dermatophytes

Question 45

echinocandins have no activity against

Answer 45

C.neoformans

Question 46

echinocandins are used to treat

Answer 46

aspergillus and candida

Question 47

allyamines have poor activity against

Answer 47

candida and aspergillus

Question 48

azoles

Answer 48

drug-drug interaction

Question 49

systemic antifungals

Answer 49

fluc, azoles, echinocandins, polyenes