vaccines and vaccinology

Question 1

jenner

Answer 1

1796- infected gardeners son with cowpox- son was immune to smallpox

Question 2

vaccines used today

Answer 2

human, domesticated livestock, pets, fish and wild animals

Question 3

three diseases that have been reduced considerably due to vaccine

Answer 3

diphtheria, polio and measle

Question 4

how many lives saved in past 20 years

Answer 4

20 million

Question 5

how many live saved i 2003

Answer 5

2.5

Question 6

what is an example of an eradicated disease

Answer 6

smallpox- once killed 5 mill/yr

Question 7

how many additional lives a year could be saved by extending vaccine programmes to all countries

Answer 7

2 mill

Question 8

infectious disease that don’t have vaccines available

Answer 8

malaria, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, meliondosis, respiratory disease, diarrhoea disease, HIV and aids

Question 9

infection has 2 possible outcomes

Answer 9

recovery and resistance or death

Question 10

not all infections mean

Answer 10

resistance to reinfection

Question 11

if an infection allows natural immunity

Answer 11

then feasible to devise a vaccine e.g. polio, smallpox, influenza, plague, anthrax, pertussis

Question 12

if not resistant to reinfection

Answer 12

diff or impossible to devise a vaccine e.g. HIV, malaria, tb, schistosomiasis, gonorrhoeae

Question 13

vaccines mimic

Answer 13

the natural disease- they trick the body into thinking that it has been infected - but can only work if the body can generate a protective esponse

Question 14

protective response

Answer 14

antibodies and cellular immunity

Question 15

antibodies

Answer 15

proteins that circulate in the blood, binding to toxins, viruses or bacteria. Neutralising and promoting clearance of infection- produced by B cells

Question 16

Cellular immunity involving T cells

Answer 16

CD4+ T cell: orchestrate the immune response

CD*+ T cells: kill infected cells

Question 17

types of vaccine

Answer 17

live, killed, subunit and naked DNA vaccines

Question 18

live vaccines

Answer 18

living but cannot cause disease

Question 19

killed vaccine

Answer 19

killed by heating, or exposure to chemicals

Question 20

subunit vaccines

Answer 20

fragment of the microorganism e.g. proteins or polysaccharides

Question 21

naked DNA vaccines

Answer 21

DNA makes proteins after injection

Question 22

diff types of responses are required for different types of infection

Answer 22

and therefore diff types of vaccines are required

Question 23

examples of live vaccines (BSY)

Answer 23

BCG, yellow fever, typhoid, sallpox

Question 24

live vaccines are

Answer 24

disabled so cannot cause disease- are these the best mimic of natural infection

Question 25

responses of live vaccines

Answer 25

antibody, CD4+ and CD8+

Question 26

problem with live vaccines

Answer 26

revision of live polio vaccines: strains isolated from faeces of immunised infants showing pat or complete reversion to virulence- outbreak of polio in Hispaniola in 1999 due to reversion of vaccine

Question 27

polio vaccine

Answer 27

live attenuated- generated by growth in cultured cells. Reason for attenuation not known at the time of creation of vaccine.

Question 28

how many mutations in love attenuated polio vaccine

Answer 28

57

Question 29

primary attenuati mutation of polio is located in

Answer 29

the viruses internal ribosome site

Question 30

examples of subunit vaccine (DANT)

Answer 30

diphtheria, tetanus, anthrax, new plague

Question 31

subunit vaccines

Answer 31

fragments of microorganism= proteins and polysaccharides. Excellent if antibodies are required to protect- pure components mean few side effects and good response

Question 32

responses of subunit vaccine

Answer 32

antibody, CD4+ (sometimes- even better if ) and CD8+

Question 33

few side affects to subunit vaccine because

Answer 33

pure components

Question 34

subunit vaccine against plague

Answer 34

identify key protective components, slate genes encoding these components and produce the components using genetic engineering

Question 35

examples of proteins produced as protective subunits in plague

Answer 35

F1 antigen and V antigen

Question 36

f1 antigen

Answer 36

a protein hat assembles on the bacteria cell surface to form capsule

Question 37

V antigen

Answer 37

a protein on the bacterial cell surface that forms the tip of the type III needle.

Question 38

genetic engineering is used to produce

Answer 38

F1 and V antigens from E.coli and these can be used in vaccines to evoke an immune response and cause immune protection from a real infection

Question 39

Naked DNA vaccine

Answer 39

identify and produce gene coding for vaccine component (protein). DNA is taken up by the cells in the body and the cells produce proteins. An immune response develops to this protein

Question 40

which cells take up DNA mostly

Answer 40

muscle cells

Question 41

naked DNA vaccines in theory

Answer 41

combine the advantage of live and subunit vaccines and work very well inmate, but not so well in humans

Question 42

naked DNA vaccine response

Answer 42

antibody, CD4+ and sometime CD8+

Question 43

examples of naked DNA vaccines

Answer 43

e. g. west nile fever vaccine licensed for use in horses- vaccine encode coat proteins e. g. infection hematopoietic necrosis vaccine licensed for use in fish- vaccine encodes surface glycoproteins

Question 44

different vaccines need to be

Answer 44

administered in different ways e.g. cutter vaccine produces 0% survival if inhaled

Question 45

cutter vaccine

Answer 45

Existing killed whole vaccine-b only useful when injected.

Question 46

F1+ Vaccine

Answer 46

new subunit vaccine effective if injected or inhaled

Question 47

vaccines can be used to control

Answer 47

addictive behaviour eg. heroin vaccine

Question 48

plant made vaccine process

Answer 48

1) plasmid containing the F1- V gene is transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2) agrobacterium transfer the F1-V gene to the plant cells 3) transgenic F1-V tomato plants are regenerated in selective media 4) elite transgenic F1-V tomato plants are transferred to the greenhouse 5) tomatoes are harvested and the ones with higher F1-V antigen expression are chosen 6)the tomatoes are freeze dried 7) dried tomatoes are pulverised and made into capsules 8) plant-derived oral vaccine

Question 49

CD4+ t cells

Answer 49

recognise antigens presented by MHC II cells- mediates the immune response

Question 50

CD8+ t cells

Answer 50

recognising antigens presented by MHC case I - kill cells

Question 51

Type II SS

Answer 51

helps some gram negative bacteria like E.coli, sense eukaryotic organisms and secrete proteins that help the bacteria infect them