Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

what is fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 1

process of regulating the extracellular fluid volume, body fluid osmolality, and plasma concentrations of electrolytes

Question 2

where is fluid found

Answer 2

ecf
icf
bvs
lymphatics

Question 3

how does fluid move

Answer 3

intake
absorptn (except iv)
distribution
ouput

Question 4

what is extracellular fluid volume

Answer 4

fluid (h20 plus substances dissolved in it) outside of cells

Question 5

what is body fluid osmolality

Answer 5

degree of concentration of substances in the fluid

Question 6

what is plasma concentrations of electrolytes

Answer 6

vary for diff parts of the body to maintain optimal fxn, common electrolytes are potassium, sodium, mag, calcium

Question 7

decreased intake and normal output

Answer 7

ECV deficit
high osmolality
plasma electrolyte deficits

Question 8

normal intake and increased output

Answer 8

ecv deficit
high osmolality
plasma electroltye deficits

Question 9

what can cause normal intake but increased output

Answer 9

diuretics
v/d

Question 10

excessive or too rapid intake and normal output

Answer 10

ecv excess
low osmolality
plasma electrolye excesses

Question 11

what can cause excessive or too rapid intake and normal output

Answer 11

iv fluids

Question 12

normal intake decreased output

Answer 12

ecv excess
low osmolality
plasma electrolye excesses

Question 13

what can cause normal intake and decreased output

Answer 13

renal failure

Question 14

infant risk factors

Answer 14

high metabolic rate
immature kideys
more rapid resp rate (breathing off more water vapor)
proportionally greater body surface area

Question 15

risk factors elderly

Answer 15

thrist sensation blunted
kidneys less able to respond to ADH
impaired ability to conserve eater
less lean body mass

Question 16

how does fluid imbalance affect perfusion

Answer 16

optimal bp…optimal perfusion
optimal perfusion…transport of 02 to tissues

Question 17

what is the effect of excess ecv on o2

Answer 17

distance of o2 to diffuse (blood capillary to alveoli)
fluid in alveoli

Question 18

Effect of ecv deficit on oxygenation

Answer 18

imapired delivery of o2

Question 19

effect of osmolality on brain

Answer 19

sodium increased or decreased can shrivel or shrink cells and cause loc change

Question 20

how should osmolalty/ sodium imbalances be managed

Answer 20

dont want rapid changes in sodium/osmolality d/t risk of seizures

Question 21

neuromusciular fxn on hyper/hypokalemia

Answer 21

affects resting membrane potential
muscle fxn
cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 22

neurimuscular fxn on hypocalcemia/hypomagnesemia

Answer 22

increased neuromsucluar exictability

Question 23

neuromuscular fxn on hypercalcemia/hypermagnesemia

Answer 23

decreased neuromuscular excitabilty

Question 24

cause of ecv deficit

Answer 24

output normal, intake of na+, and h20 too low
fluid shift from ecv to 3rd space (not vascular or interstitial) (ex abd cavity….acscites)
output increased, not balanced by intake of na+ and h20

Question 25

cause of ecv excess

Answer 25

output less than excessive or too rapid intake of na+ and h20 output decreased not balanced by decreased intake of na+ and h20

Question 26

what is edema

Answer 26

NOT 3RD SPACING shift into interstitial space

Question 27

what can also cause fluid shift

Answer 27

low albumin- keeps fluid in intravascular space

Question 28

causes of hypernatremia

Answer 28

body fluids too concentrated, osmolality too high output normal, but intake of h20 too low increased output not balanced by intake of h20

Question 29

causes of hyponatremia

Answer 29

body fluids too dilute, osmality too low output less than excessive pr too rapid intake of h20 decreased output not balanced by decreased intake of h20

Question 30

what is the difference btwn osmolality and fluid balance

Answer 30

changes of intake and output are associated with too much/ little water....not sodium

Question 31

causes of hypokalemia

Answer 31

output normal but intake of K+ too low increased output not balanced by increased k+ rapid shift of k+ from ecf into cells

Question 32

causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 32

output less than excessive or too rapid k+ decreased output no balanced by decreased k+ intake rapid shift of k+ from cell into ecf

Question 33

causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 33

output normal, but ca2+ intake/absorption too low increased output not balanced by increased ca2+ intake/absorption ca2+ shift from ecf into bone or physiological unavailable form hypoparathyroidism

Question 34

causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 34

output less than excessive ca2+ intake/absorption decreased output not balanced by decreased ca2+ intake ca2+ shift from bone into ecf hyperparathyroidism

Question 35

causes of hypomagnesemia

Answer 35

output normal, but intake/absorption of mg2+ too low increased output not balanced by increased mg2+ intake/absorption mg2+ shift into physiologically unavailable form

Question 36

causes of hypermagnesemia

Answer 36

output less than excessive mg2+ intake/absorption decreased output not balanced by decreased mg2+ intake

Question 37

what lab tests ordered to monitor fluid/electrolyte imbalances

Answer 37

bmp urinalysis

Question 38

concentrated urine means what for the body

Answer 38

body is less concentrated too dilute low output

Question 39

dilute urine means what for the body

Answer 39

body is more concentrated losing fluid high output

Question 40

assessment findings for fluid/electroltye imbalance

Answer 40

ckd heart failure v/d organ fxn headache cramping weakness fatigue dizzy sob sudden wt change i/o meds/supplements

Question 41

assessment findings with ecv deficit

Answer 41

suddent wt loss skin tenting vascular underload: rapid thready pulse, postural bp drop w/ concurrent hr increase, lightheadedness, flat neck veins supine, oliguria, syncope, circulatory shock

Question 42

findings with ecv excess

Answer 42

suddent wt gain dependent edema vascular overload: bounding pulse, distended neck veins upright, dyspnea, pul edema

Question 43

findings with hyponatremia

Answer 43

impaired cerebral fxn: decreased loc, nausea, seizures if severe, serum na+ <130

Question 44

findings with hypernatremia

Answer 44

impaired cerebral fxn: decreased loc, thirst, seizures if severe; na+ >145

Question 45

what does potassium imabalnces usually affect

Answer 45

muscle fxn and cardia dysrhythmias

Question 46

what do calcium imbalances usually affect

Answer 46

heart fxn

Question 47

is hypocalcemia usually increased effects or decreased effects

Answer 47

increased

Question 48

is hypercalcemia usually increased effects or decreased

Answer 48

decreased

Question 49

is hypomagnesemia usually increased effects or decreased effects

Answer 49

increased

Question 50

is hypermagnesemia usually increased effects or decreased effects

Answer 50

decreased

Question 51

what does imabalnce of magnesium typically cause

Answer 51

dysrhythmias

Question 52

what is vasopressin

Answer 52

adh retain water