Fluid Electrolyte Balance I

Question 1

electrolytes have chemocal bonds that allow disassociation into ions –> critical in ___ ___

Answer 1

fluid balance

Question 2

fluid and electrolyte balance implies ___

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

water content of the human body ranges from __% to __% of its total weight

Answer 3

50-70

Question 4

extracellular fluid is split into 2 compartments

Answer 4

interstitial fluid

plasma

Question 5

interstitial fluid is separated by the ___ wall

Answer 5

capillary

Question 6

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid is separated by the ___ membrane

Answer 6

cell

Question 7

intracellular fluid accounts for ___% of body weight

Answer 7

40

Question 8

extracellular fluid accounts for __% of body weight

Answer 8

20

Question 9

extracellular fluid compartment consists mainly of __ and ____ ___

Answer 9

plasma

interstitial fluid

Question 10

lymph, CSF and specialized joint fluids are considered ___

Answer 10

extracellular

Question 11

functions of extracellular fluid compartment

• provide a ___ environment
• __ substances to and from the cells

Answer 11

constant

transport

Question 12

functions of intracellular fluid

- facilitate intracellular ___ reactions to maintain life

Answer 12

chemical

Question 13

intracellular fluid

- ___ body fluid compartment

Answer 13

largest

Question 14

blood contains a slightly ___ total of ions than interstitial fluids

Answer 14

larger

Question 15

interstitial fluid has hardly any ___ ___

Answer 15

protein anions

Question 16

IC osmolarity is ___ to EC osmolarity at steady state

Answer 16

equal

Question 17

NaCl and NaHCO3 and large sugars are assumed to be confined to ____ _____ compartment

Answer 17

extracellular fluid

Question 18

isosmotic volume contraction

• ___ ECF volume
• ICF ___ __
• osmolarity ___ ___
• ____ Hematocrit
• ___ plasma protein

Answer 18

decrease
no change
no change
increase increase

Question 19

hyperosmotic volume contraction

• ___ ECF volume
• ___ ICF
• ____ osmolarity
• Hematocrit __ ___
• ___ plasma protein

Answer 19

decrease 
decrease
increase
no change 
increase

Question 20

hyposmotic volume contraction

• ___ ECF volume
• ___ ICF
• ___ osmolarity
• ____ Hematocrit
• ___ plasma protein

Answer 20

decrease
increase
decrease
increase
increase

Question 21

isosmotic volume expansion
 \_\_\_ ECF volume
- ICF \_\_\_ \_\_
- osmolarity \_\_\_ \_\_\_
- \_\_\_\_ Hematocrit
- \_\_\_ plasma protein

Answer 21

increase
no change
no change
decrease 
decrease

Question 22

hyperosmotic expansion

• ___ ECF volume
• ___ ICF
• ___ osmolarity
• ____ Hematocrit
• ___ plasma protein

Answer 22

increase
decrease
increase
decrease
decrease

Question 23

hyposmotic volume expansion

• ___ ECF volume
• ___ ICF
• ___ osmolarity
• Hematocrit ___ ___
• ___ plasma protein

Answer 23

increase
increase
decrease
no change
decrease

Question 24

water enters the body via the __ __

Answer 24

digestive tract

Question 25

water is added to the total fluid volume from each cell as it ___ food, and the resulting water enters the ___

Answer 25

catabolizes | bloodstream

Question 26

water leaves the body via 4 exits

Answer 26

kidney lungs skin intestines

Question 27

cardinal principle of fluid balance: | - fluid balance can be maintained only if intake ___ output

Answer 27

EQUALS

Question 28

under normal conditions, homeostasis of total volume of water is maintained or restored primarily by adjusting __ __ and secondarily by __ __

Answer 28

urine volume | fluid intake

Question 29

regulation of fluid intake - dehydration begins to develop - salivary secretion ___ - sensation of ___ - ___ fluid intake to offset ___ output tends to restore fluid balance

Answer 29

decreases thirst increased increased

Question 30

regulation of urine volume - ___ remains fairly the same - tubular reabsorption ___ - adjusts urine volume to ___ __ - influences amount of __ and ___

Answer 30

``` GFR fluctuates fluid intake ADH aldosterone ```

Question 31

factors that alter fluid loss - rate of ___ and volume of ___ secreted - vomiting/diarrhea - intestinal drainage can produce ___ and __ imbalance

Answer 31

respiration sweat fluid/electrolyte

Question 32

the rate and direction of fluid exchange between capillaries and interstitial fluid are determined by the ___ and ___ pressures

Answer 32

hydrostatic | colloid

Question 33

increased extracellular osmolarity stimulates ___ release, which __ H2O reabsorption, and stimulates ____

Answer 33

ADH increases thirst

Question 34

dilute urine - ___ ADH release - ___ water permeability in distal and collecting tubules

Answer 34

decreased | reduced

Question 35

dilute urine - ____ reabsorption - ____ water reabsorption

Answer 35

electrolyte | decrease

Question 36

urine osmolarity and specific gravity influenced by: - ___ and ___ in urin - ____ - ____ media

Answer 36

glucose; protein antibiotics radicontrast

Question 37

concentrated urine - continue ____ reabsorption - ___ water reabsorption

Answer 37

electrolyte | increase

Question 38

concentrated urine - ____ ADH release which ___ water permeability in distal and collecting tubules - ___ osmolarity of renal medulla - ___ flow of tubular fluid

Answer 38

increased; increased high countercurrent

Question 39

obligatory urine volume | - the ___ urine volume in which the excreted solute can be dissolved and excreted

Answer 39

minimum

Question 40

____ osmotic gradient: the gradient of osmolarity in the interstitial fluid of the kidney from the cortex to the papilla

Answer 40

corticopapillary

Question 41

osmolarity of cortex is approximately ___ mOsm/L

Answer 41

300 - less concentrated and gets more concentrated toward the papilla

Question 42

at the tip of the papilla, the osmolarity can be as high as ___ mOsm/L

Answer 42

1200 - more solutes like urea and sodium

Question 43

corticopapillary osmotic gradient | - active transport of ___, ___ and ___ from the ___ ___ loop of hence into the ___ interstitium

Answer 43

Na+, Cl-, K+ thick ascending medullary

Question 44

corticopapilary osmotic gradient | - active transport of ions from the ___ collecting ducts into the ___

Answer 44

medullary | interstitium

Question 45

corticopapillary osmotic gradient | - passive diffusion of ____ from medullary ____ ducts into the interstitium

Answer 45

urea | collecting

Question 46

corticopapillary osmotic gradient | - diffusion of only small amounts of __ into medullary interstitium

Answer 46

water

Question 47

countercurrent multiplication

Answer 47

reabsorption of water and electrolytes until cortical v medullary get to 300 and 1200