urinary system - structure and function

Question 1

kidney function:

- excretion of metabolic waste products like… 4

Answer 1

urea
creatinine
bilirubin
hydrogen

Question 2

kidney function

- excretion of foreign chemicals like/// 4

Answer 2

dugs
toxins
pesticides
food additives

Question 3

kidney function

• secretion, metabolism and excretion of hormones
  like. ..3

Answer 3

renal erythropoetic factor
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (vit D)
renin

Question 4

kidney function

- regulation of ___-___ balace

Answer 4

acid base

Question 5

kidney function

- ____: glucose synthesis from amino acids

Answer 5

gluconeogenesis

Question 6

kidney function

- control of ____ pressure

Answer 6

Arterial

Question 7

kidney function

- regulation of ___ and ___ excretion

Answer 7

water

electrolyte

Question 8

urea is created from ___ metabolism

Answer 8

protein

Question 9

uric acid comes from ___ ___ metabolism

Answer 9

nucleic acid

Question 10

creatinine comes from ___ metabolism

Answer 10

muscle

Question 11

bilirubin comes from ___ metabolism

Answer 11

hemoglobin

Question 12

renal erythropoietic factor
AKA ____
stimulates ___ ___ to produce ___

Answer 12

erythropoietin
bone marrow
RBCs

Question 13

anemia secondary to kidney disease/damage… why?

Answer 13

bc erythropoietin stimulates RBC production by bone marrow

Question 14

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol binds with ___ to be absorbed in the intestines

Answer 14

calcium

Question 15

hypocalcemia bc not enough 1,25 dihydroxicholecalciferol… why?

Answer 15

bone marrow compensates by osteoclastic activity to replenish calcium in the blood for nerve conduction, muscle contraction and clotting

Question 16

renin is secreted by ___ ___

Answer 16

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 17

angiotensinogen produced by ____

Answer 17

liver

Question 18

angiotensinogen converted to ___ __ by ___

Answer 18

angiotensin 1 by renin

Question 19

angiotensin I is converted to ____ ____ by ___ ___ ___ in the ___

Answer 19

angiotensin II
angiotenin converting enzyme
lungs

Question 20

angiotensin II is a strong ___

Answer 20

vasoconstrictor

Question 21

angiotensin II acts upon the adrenal cortex to produce

Answer 21

aldosterone

Question 22

decrease in O2 delivery in the kidney –> ___ erythropoetin –> ___ erythrocyte production in bone marrow –> ___ O2 delivery in the kidney

Answer 22

increase
increase
increase

Question 23

increase in erythrocyte production will reverse oxygen amount in the kidney after more ___ are produced

Answer 23

RBCs

Question 24

kidney produces active form of vitamin D

Answer 24

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 25

kidneys are the only means of excreting ___-___ acids

Answer 25

non-volatile

Question 26

____: kidneys synthesize glucose from precursors during prolonged fasting

Answer 26

gluconeogenesis

Question 27

there is a ___ intake of sodium and __ excretion

Answer 27

rapid | slow

Question 28

when sodium is retained. there is only a ___ increase in extracellular fluid volume

Answer 28

slight

Question 29

minor calyx recieves the ___

Answer 29

papilla

Question 30

major calyx: 2/3 ___ ___ unite

Answer 30

minor calyx

Question 31

renal pelvis: ____ ___ unite together

Answer 31

major calyx

Question 32

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> ___ ___ --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arterioles --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> interlobular v --> arcuate v

Answer 32

segmental arteries

Question 33

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> ___ ____ --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arterioles --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> interlobular v --> arcuate v

Answer 33

interlobar arteries

Question 34

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteries --> ___ ___ --> interlobular arterioles --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> interlobular v --> arcuate v

Answer 34

arcuate arteries

Question 35

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> ___ ___ --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> interlobular v --> arcuate v

Answer 35

interlobular arterioles

Question 36

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arterioles --> ____ ____ --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> interlobular v --> arcuate v

Answer 36

afferent arterioles

Question 37

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arterioles --> afferent arterioles --> ____ --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> interlobular v --> arcuate v

Answer 37

glomerulus

Question 38

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arterioles --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> ___ ____ --> peritubular capillaries --> interlobular v --> arcuate v

Answer 38

efferent arterioles

Question 39

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arterioles --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> ___ ____ --> interlobular v --> arcuate v

Answer 39

peritubular capillaries

Question 40

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arterioles --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> ___ ___ --> arcuate v

Answer 40

interlobular v

Question 41

blood flow through the kidney renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arterioles --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> interlobular v --> ___ ___

Answer 41

arcuate v

Question 42

___: functional unit of the kidney

Answer 42

nephron

Question 43

each kidney has ____K- __M nephrons

Answer 43

800 | 1

Question 44

5 components to the nephron

Answer 44

``` glomerulus bowmans capsule PCT loop of henle DCT ```

Question 45

nephrons ____ regenerate

Answer 45

DONT

Question 46

3 reasons for a decrease in nephron

Answer 46

renal injury disease aging

Question 47

after age 40, nephron decreases __% per decade

Answer 47

10

Question 48

macula densa senses decrease in Na+ levels secretes a substance that stimulates ____ production

Answer 48

renin

Question 49

macula densa cells are located early in the ___ tubule

Answer 49

distal

Question 50

macula densa monitor amount of ___ in urinary filtrate

Answer 50

Na+

Question 51

cortical nephron in the ___

Answer 51

cortex

Question 52

juxtamedullary nephron is located on the border of the ___ and ____

Answer 52

cortex | medulla

Question 53

paratubular capillaries form hairlike loops = ___ ___

Answer 53

Vasa recta

Question 54

juxtamedullary nephone has a ___ GFR than the coritcal because it has more ___ ___

Answer 54

higher | surface area

Question 55

cortical nephron has ___ loops of henle

Answer 55

short

Question 56

juxamedullary nephrons - ___-___% of the nephrons - lie deep in the renal ___ near the ___ - larger ___ - ___ loops of henle - ___ ___

Answer 56

``` 20-30 cortex;medulla glomeruli longer vas recta ```

Question 57

components of the micturition center (5)

Answer 57

``` sensory stretch receptors pelvic nerves DRG PS neurons detrusor muscle ```

Question 58

pelvic splanchnic nerves - 2 fibers - carry stimulus for ____

Answer 58

pre gg PS; GVA | stretch

Question 59

DRG have cell bpdies of ___ fibers

Answer 59

GVA

Question 60

PS nerves for micturition center in ___-___

Answer 60

S2-S4

Question 61

micturition center is self- ______

Answer 61

regenerative

Question 62

SP favors ___ of bladder

Answer 62

filling

Question 63

PS favors ____ of bladder

Answer 63

emptying

Question 64

SP binds to beta 2 receptors the detrusor muscle becomes _____

Answer 64

relaxed

Question 65

SP binds to alpha 1 receptors the internal sphincter becomes _____

Answer 65

contracted

Question 66

PS binds to muscarinic receptor the detrusor muscle becomes ___

Answer 66

contracted

Question 67

PS binds to muscarinic receptor the internal sphinter becomes ____

Answer 67

relaxed

Question 68

brainstem - stong ___ and ___ centers for the micturition center

Answer 68

facilitative and inhibitory

Question 69

cerebral cortex - mainly ___ but can become ___ for the micturition center

Answer 69

inhibitory | excitatory

Question 70

____ ____ center: collection of cell bdies in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition

Answer 70

pontine micturition center (PMC)

Question 71

when the PMC is activated, ___ urethral sphincter and allow for urination

Answer 71

relax

Question 72

the PMC coordinates with the other brain centers, including 4

Answer 72

medial frontal cortex insular cortex hypothalamus periaqueductal gray

Question 73

____ ___: acts as a relay station for ascending bladder info from the spinal cord and incoming signals from higher brain area

Answer 73

periaqueductal gray

Question 74

atonic bladder also called ___ bladder

Answer 74

tabetic

Question 75

atonic bladder: | - constrictive fibrosis of ___ root

Answer 75

dorsal

Question 76

atonic bladder | - prevents stretch stimulus to get to ____

Answer 76

parasympathetics

Question 77

atonic bladder | - overflow incontinence --> ___ slowly

Answer 77

drips

Question 78

automatic bladder | - damage is ____

Answer 78

suprasacral

Question 79

automatic bladder | - injury to lumbar region- cut off ___ influence from higher centers

Answer 79

inhibitory

Question 80

automatic bladder - can train with a catheter - be able to urine on own except for its ___

Answer 80

unannounced

Question 81

uninhibited neurogenic bladder - ___ bladder - lose ___ influence from higher centers

Answer 81

overactive | inhibitory

Question 82

uninhibited neurogenic bladder - facilitated influence from brainstem --> ___ center --> very ___ micturition center --> small amount of urine leads to ____ to go

Answer 82

sacal excitable NEED to go

Question 83

____ - muscular tubular organ carrying urine from kidneys to the bladder

Answer 83

ureters

Question 84

2 layers of SM

Answer 84

longitudinal - inside | circular - outside

Question 85

ureters are about ___-___ cm long

Answer 85

25-35

Question 86

3 nerve supply to ureters

Answer 86

PS SP intramural

Question 87

____ reflux: reflex from bladder to ureters; ureters enter at an angle to the renal pyramids - this squeezes the entrance point

Answer 87

vesicoureteral

Question 88

____ reflex: nerve reflex; ureter is pain sensitive; kidney stone blocking; pain triggers SP

Answer 88

ureterorenal

Question 89

___: going from glomerular capillaries --> bowman's capsule

Answer 89

filtration

Question 90

____: bowmans capsule --> peritubular capillaries

Answer 90

reabsorption

Question 91

___: peritubular capillaries --> bowman's capsule

Answer 91

secretion

Question 92

___: bowman's capsule --> out

Answer 92

excretion

Question 93

filtration: somewhat variable; not selective (except for ___), averages __% of renal plasma flow

Answer 93

protein | 20

Question 94

reabsorption: highly variable and selective; most ___ and ___ are almost completely reabsorption; most waste products are poorly reabsorbed

Answer 94

electrolytes | nutritional

Question 95

secretion: highly variable; important for rapidly excreting ___ products, ____ substance, and ____

Answer 95

waste foreign toxins

Question 96

___ and ___ ___ are filtered and COMPLETELY reabsorbed

Answer 96

glucose | amino acids

Question 97

___ ___: the amount of substance entering an organ equals the amount of substance leaving the organ, assuming that the substance is neither synthesized or degraded by the organ

Answer 97

fick principle

Question 98

water is almost ____ reabsorbed

Answer 98

entirely

Question 99

sodium is ___ reabsorbed

Answer 99

mostly

Question 100

glucose is ____ reabsorbed

Answer 100

completely

Question 101

creatinine is ____ reabsorbed

Answer 101

completely

Question 102

creatinine can be used to measure glomerular filtration but ___ is better

Answer 102

inulin

Question 103

waste products like ___ and ___ are ___ only

Answer 103

urea creatinine filtered

Question 104

electrolytes like ___ and ___ are ____ and partially ____

Answer 104

sodiium chloride filtered reabsorbed

Question 105

nutritional substances like ___ ___ and ___ are ___ and completely ____

Answer 105

amino acids glucose filtered reabsorbed

Question 106

acids and bases are filtered and ___

Answer 106

secreted

Question 107

why are solutes filtered then reabsorbed?

Answer 107

rapid removal of waste products | high GFR - coontrol volume and composition of body fluids