Fluid & Electrolytes

Question 0

Found outside the cells

Answer 0

Extracellular

Question 1

Found within the cells of the body

Answer 1

Intracellcular

Question 2

Intravascular- plasma

Interstitial- fluid surrounding cells

Answer 2

Extracellular fluid

Question 3

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

Answer 3

Extracellular

Question 4

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Sulfate

Answer 4

Intracellular

Question 5

: GI hyperactivity, diarrhea, irritability, apathy, confusion, cardiac dysrhythmias or arrest, muscle weakness, areflexia, paresthesias

Answer 5

Hyperkalemia

Question 6

muscle weakness, leg cramps, anorexia, N&V, decreased GI mobility, cardiac arrythmias, depressed deep tendon reflexes

Answer 6

Hypokalemia

Question 7

fatigue, restlessness, decreased LOC, disoriented, convulsions, low grade fever, thirst, weakness

Answer 7

Hypernatremia

Question 8

: Lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, N&V, headache, abd cramps
Seizures

Answer 8

Hyponatremia

Question 9

D5W/ half NS
3% NS
D10W NS

Answer 9

Hypertonic

Question 10

D5W
 0.9 %NS, 
lactated ringers
 (never give a head trauma pt lactated ringers b/c it can cause cerebral edema
Fluid loss/dehydration/ shock/DKA

Answer 10

Isotonic

Question 11

0.45% NS

Answer 11

Hypotonic

Question 12

Prolonged fever
Watery diarrhea
Renal failure 
Hyperglycemia
Elevated serum osmolality
Elevated serum sodium

Answer 12

Causes of dehydration

Question 13

Acute intestinal obstruction 
Sure peritonitis 
Burns 
Heart failure 
Pleural infusion 
Liver failure

Answer 13

Third Spacing

Question 14

Normal or high serum sodium 
Decreased Hg or HCT 
Elevated BUN and creatinine 
Increased urine specific gravity 
Increased serum osmolality

Answer 14

Hypovolemia

Question 15

Isotonic fluid
Normal saline
Lactated ringers

Answer 15

Hypovolemia

Question 16

Avoid hypertonic
Low sodium
D5W
0.45% normal saline

Answer 16

Dehydration

Question 17

Excess of Isotonic water and sodium in Extracellular compartment

Shift from interstitial space into the intravascular space

Answer 17

Hypervolemia

Question 18

Low HCT
Normal sodium 
Low potassium and BUN
Decreased serum osmolality 
Pulmonary congestion

Answer 18

Hypervolemia

Question 19

D5W/0.45% normal saline
3% Normal Saline
D5W/Ringers Lactate

Answer 19

Hypertonic

Question 20

Causes the kidneys to retain water, dilutes normalizes serum osmolality

Answer 20

ADH

Question 21

Excessive release of ADH

Causes inappropriate and excessive water retention and sodium excretion

Answer 21

SIADH

Question 22

Chocolate 
Dried fruit, nuts, seeds 
Oranges, bananas, avocados, apricots, cantaloupes 
Meats 
Vegetable, beans, potatoes, mushroom
Tomatoes, celery

Answer 22

Potassium

Question 23

Severe GI loss from suction 
Prolonged vomiting 
Diarrhea 
Laxative abuse 
Fistula 
Severe diaphoresis

Answer 23

Hypokalemia

Question 24

``` Arrhythmias Cardiac arrest Digoxin toxicity Muscle paralysis Paralytic ileum Respiratory arrest ```

Answer 24

Hypovolemia

Question 25

``` S-skeletal muscle weakness U- U wave C- constipation T- toxic effect from digoxin I- irregular, weak pulse O- orthostatic hypotension N- numbness paresthesias ```

Answer 25

Hypokalemia

Question 26

May weaken or paralyze respiratory muscles

Answer 26

Hypokalemia

Question 27

``` Flaccid skeletal paralysis Deep tendon reflexes GI hyperactivity N/D abdm cramping Tall T-wave ```

Answer 27

Hyperkalemia

Question 28

``` Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes Weakness, muscle cramping Rapid heart beat Tremors, vertigo Ataxia, depression Altered mental status Seizures Tetany + Trousseas/Chovostek Respiratory difficulties ```

Answer 28

Hypomagnesia

Question 29

``` R-reflexes decreased E- EKG changes (bradycardia/ hypotension) N- nausea and vomiting A- appearance flushed L- lethargy/ drowsiness- coma Respiratory arrest Calcium Gluconate treatment ```

Answer 29

Hypermagnesemia

Question 30

Absent patellar reflex | Levels higher than 7

Answer 30

Hypermagnesia

Question 31

``` Canned salmon/sardines Dairy products Green, leafy vegetables Legumes Molasses Nuts Whole grains ```

Answer 31

Calcium

Question 32

``` + Trousseau/ Chvostek Muscle cramps/severe tetany Seizures/ psychosis Hypotension/decreased CO Numbness tingling around mouth Ventricular dysthymias Hyperactive reflexes ```

Answer 32

Hypocalcemia

Question 33

``` Anorexia N/S Sinus arrest Ileus Lethargy/weakness Bone pain ```

Answer 33

Hypercalcemia

Question 34

``` Drowsiness Disorientation Dizziness/headache Decreased B/P Hypoventilation ```

Answer 34

Respiratory acidosis

Question 35

``` Drowsiness confusion Headache/coma Decreased B/P N/V/D abdominal pain Hyperventilation ```

Answer 35

Metabolic acidosis

Question 36

``` Lethargic/confusion Tachycardia N/V/epi gastric pain Tetany Numbness tingling to extremities Seizures Hyperventilating ```

Answer 36

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 37

``` Drowsiness/nervousness Dizziness Tachycardia/ dysthymias A/N/V Hypoventilation Tetany/muscle cramps/ tingling ext Seizures ```

Answer 37

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 38

``` Diuretics Excessive vomiting/suctioning Hyperaldostsronism Ingestion of excess sodium bicarbonate Massive trasnsfusion of whole blood ```

Answer 38

Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 39

``` DM/disbetic ketoacidosis Excessive ASA use High fat diet Malnutrition Severe diarrhea Renal disease ```

Answer 39

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 40

``` Fever Hyperventilation Hypoxia Hysteria Overventilation Pain ```

Answer 40

Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 41

``` Asthma Pneumonia CNS depressants Bronchitis Pulmonary edema Emphysema ```

Answer 41

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 42

stimulated by intracellular dehydration and decreased blood volume.

Answer 42

Thirst

Question 43

``` Rapid, shallow respirations Low pH Hypercarbia Increase in blood CO2 Hypoxemia Hyperkalemia ```

Answer 43

Respiratory acidosis

Question 44

``` Increase respiratory rate and depth Increase of pH "Blow" off CO2 Alveolar hyperventilation Hypocapnia ```

Answer 44

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 45

Fluid leaks from vein into surrounding tissue Coolness at site Pain, swelling, leaking, lack of blood return Stop, infusion, remove IV, elevate extremity, apply warm soaks

Answer 45

Infiltration

Question 46

Tenderness, erythemia, warmth | Harshness upon palpation

Answer 46

Infection

Question 47

Inflammation of vein Pain, redness, swelling or i duration of site Redline streaking along the vein

Answer 47

Phlebitis

Question 48

Leakage of fluid into the surrounding tissues Medications seep through veins and produce blistering Discomfort, burning, pain at site Skin tightness, blanching Lack Of blood return

Answer 48

Extravasation

Question 49

The pH is decreased | HCO3 Is decreased

Answer 49

Metabolic acidosis

Question 50

pH is elevated | HCO3 is elevated

Answer 50

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 51

Rapid breathing | Example of a mechanism by which pH is raised

Answer 51

Hyperventilation

Question 52

Causes the body to retain CO2 which is then available to form carbonic acid reducing the pH and make blood more acidic

Answer 52

Hypoventilation.