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Fundamentals 2 Exam 1 Flashcards > Fluid & Electrolytes Part 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Total Body Fluid =

A

60 % of Adult’s Total Body Weight (TBW)

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2
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) makes up how much of the body’s TBW?

A

40% of TBW

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3
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) makes up how much of the body’s TBW?

A

20% of TBW

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4
Q

ICF is where in the body?

ECF is where in the body?

A

ICF = Inside the cells

ECF = Anywhere outside of the cells

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5
Q

Extracellular Fluid is divided into-

A

Interstitial Fluid
Plasma (Intravascular)
Transcellular

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6
Q

Interstitial fluid makes up what % of ECF?

A

15% of ECF

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7
Q

Fluid in the spaces between the cells =

A

Interstitial Fluid

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8
Q

Cushions the cells + Helps with cell transport =

A

Intracellular Fluid

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9
Q

Plasma is -

A

Intravascular

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10
Q

Plasma is fluid within-

A

The blood vessel

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11
Q

Plasma makes up what % of ECF?

A

4% of ECF

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12
Q

Transcellular fluid makes up what % of ECF?

A

1% of ECF

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13
Q

Plasma is what part of the blood?

A

The liquid part of the blood

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14
Q

Blood cells (Platelets, WBC’s, and RBC’s) are all suspended in-

A

Plasma

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15
Q

Transcellular is fluid found in-

A

Body Cavities

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16
Q

Places Transcellular Fluid can be found in body cavities like-

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid, GI Tract, Pleural Cavity (a cavity in the lungs), or the Pericardial Space

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17
Q

% of TBW that is water:

Preterm =

A

~80% of TBW is water

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18
Q

A Preterm is a-

A

Baby born before the 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed

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19
Q

A Neonate is a baby under-

A

4 weeks old

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20
Q

% of TBW that is water:

Neonate =

A

~74 %

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21
Q

The TBW that’s water or Total Body Water decreases as you-

A

Age

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22
Q

The % of Total Body Water for a child is-

A

~ 60%

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23
Q

The average Total Body Water for an adult is -

A

~60 %

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24
Q

The average Total Body Water for an older adult is -

A

~ 40% - 50%

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25
Q

The highest amounts of Total Body Water is found in-

A

Preterms + Neonates (~70% - 80%)

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26
Q

The lowest amounts of Total Body Water is found in-

A

Older Adults (~40% - 50%)

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27
Q

Why do neonates + preterms have so much body water?

A

It helps to cushion + protect.
Metabolism is increased with rapid growth.
There is an exchange of nutrients and wastes going on.
Kidneys are immature, so they excrete more water than an adult does.
There is an immature regulatory response that responds to illnesses with higher temps + longer durations.

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28
Q

Implications for children =

A

Their Daily Fluid Requirements are higher than an adults.

They have very little extra fluid to handle extra fluid loss. (Meaning that diarrhea, fever, and vomiting can all easily cause dehydration)

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29
Q

Why is there less Total Body Water in an older adult?

A

They have more cell death (apoptosis), they have less need for intracellular fluid, their metabolism is slowed, they have more body fat

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30
Q

Fat cells have less-

A

Water

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31
Q

Implications for adults:

A

Daily requirement of water is 40mL/kg per day. This makes people who are obese, women, or are an older adult at higher risk for fluid volume deficit / dehydration.

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32
Q

K+ =

A

Potassium

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33
Q

Na+ =

A

Sodium

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34
Q

Ca+ =

A

Calcium

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35
Q

Body water contains-

A

Electrolytes

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36
Q

Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, and Calcium are all-

A

Electrolytes

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37
Q

Sodium helps to regulate the-

A

Body-Water Balance

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38
Q

Potassium Works with-

A

Muscle Function

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39
Q

Electrolytes maintain function of-

A

Body Systems

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40
Q

Electrolytes are what?

A

Molecules that disassociate (separate) in the fluid into electrically charged ions

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41
Q

Ions are-

A

Electrically charged particles

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42
Q

Cations have a -

A

Positive (+) Charge

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43
Q

Anions have a-

A

Negative (-) Charge

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44
Q

Is sodium positive or negative?

A

Positive

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45
Q

Cations have a current that-

A

Maintains cell function

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46
Q

Potassium is a major cation that maintains cell functioning in what way?

A

Effects your cardiac system.

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47
Q

If potassium gets out of whack, what occurs?

A

Dysrhythmias

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48
Q

mEq/L stands for=

A

Milliequivialent

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49
Q

mEq/L is a measurement for-

A

Electrolytes

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50
Q

Milliequivalence refers to-

A

the combining power of the ion

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51
Q

Sodium + Chloride are -

A

Equivalent

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52
Q

Why are Sodium + Chloride equivalent?

A

They combine equally

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53
Q

Primary intracellular cation =

A

Potassium (K+)

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54
Q

Primary Intracellular Anion =

A

Phosphate (PO^4-)

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55
Q

Primary Extracellular Cation =

A

Sodium (Na+)

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56
Q

Primary Extracellular Anion =

A

Chloride (Cl-)

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57
Q

You need an equal number of (+) and (-) for -

A

The Electrolyte Balance

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58
Q

Difference between the number of (+) and (-) =

A

Anion Gap

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59
Q

The Anion Gap is a kind of-

A

Lab Value

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60
Q

When viewing the Anion Gap, abnormal amounts of cations + anions means that there’s-

A

An Abnormal Electrical Charge

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61
Q

Hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, and other electrolyte imbalances are examples of-

A

An Abnormal Electrical Charge

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62
Q

Substance/ particle/ molecule that dissolves in liquid, such as water or IVF =

A

Solute

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63
Q

A type of solute that easily dissolves in solution =

A

Crystalloids

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64
Q

Sugar crystals dissolve easily in coffee, these are an example of-

A

Crystalloids

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65
Q

Electrolytes easily metabolize in -

A

Body Fluid

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66
Q

A type of solute that is a large particle and doesn’t dissolve easily =

A

Colloids

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67
Q

Electrolytes, Glucose, Protein (Albumin + Globulin) , Gases (Oxygen + Carbon Dioxide) , and Molecules are all-

A

Solutes

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68
Q

Solvent =

A

The thing doing the dissolving

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69
Q

Plasma Proteins (Albumin + Globulin) are what kind of solute?

A

Colloids

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70
Q

Colloids act as magnets that pull water towards themselves.

True or false?

A

True

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71
Q

Colloids are also called -

A

Blood Proteins or Serum Colloids

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72
Q

Act as a magnet that creates osmotic pressure =

A

Colloids

73
Q

Osmotic Pressure is the-

A

Osmotic pull that “pulls” water to a colloid

74
Q

In Diffusion, what’s moving?

A

Molecules

75
Q

In diffusion, molecules are-

A

Solutes

76
Q

In Diffusion, molecules move from an area of -

A

High concentration to an area of low concentration

77
Q

Movement of solutes stop whenever the concentration of molecules is-

A

Equal on both sides (Equilibrium is reached between molecules)

78
Q

In Osmosis, what’s moving?

A

The water

79
Q

Water moves based on the-

A

Concentration of a solution

80
Q

Water moves from an area of

A

Lower concentration to an area of high concentration of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane

81
Q

What does osmosis cause?

A

Equal concentration of solution on both sides of a membrane

82
Q

Power of solution to pull water across a semipermeable membrane =

A

Osmotic Pressure

83
Q

A solution with more solutes has a greater -

A

Osmotic Pressure

84
Q

Power of solution =

A

Osmotic Pressure

85
Q

Strength of the “pull” or “draw” that depends on the number of solutes =

A

Osmotic Pressure

86
Q

High Solute Concentration =

A

High Osmotic Pressure

87
Q

High Osmotic Pressure =

A

Pulls water towards itself

88
Q

The concentration of solutes is expressed as -

A

Osmolality

89
Q

If something has a high Osmolality then it has-

A

A lot of solutes

90
Q

If something has a low Osmolality then it has-

A

A low amount of solutes

91
Q

Measures the number of milliosmoles per kg (mOsm/kg) of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water =

A

Osmolality

92
Q

Measures the total number of milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) of solution or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution =

A

Osmolarity

93
Q

Measurement of solutes/kg in water =

A

Osmolality

94
Q

mOsm/kg =

A

Osmolality

95
Q

The normal serum osmolality is -

A

280-295 mOsm/kg

96
Q

The solute that’s the biggest determinant of Serum Osmolality =

A

Sodium

97
Q

Normal Serum Osmolarity is-

A

275-295 mOsm/kg

98
Q

Measures the osmotic pressure of a solution =

A

Osmolarity

99
Q

Serum Osmolarity is a lab measure that reflects-

A

Solute concentration in blood, urine, or other body fluids.

Total solute concentration in body fluids.

100
Q

A serum osmolarity under 275 means that-

A

There’s too little solute for the amount of water OR there’s too much water for the amount of solute (water excess)

(To simplify, there’s not enough solute)

101
Q

A serum osmolarity over 295 means that-

A

There’s too little water (a water deficit) OR the concentration of solute is too great

(To simplify, there’s not enough water)

102
Q

Serum Osmolality is just a fancy word for-

A

Osmolarity

103
Q

Serum Osmolality and Osmolality mean the same thing.

True or false?

A

False.
Serum Osmolality = Osmolarity

104
Q

A Serum Osmolality of 288 mOsm/kg is what type of Osmolality?

A

Iso-Osmolality

105
Q

A Serum Osmolality of 310 mOsm/kg is what type of Osmolality?

A

Hyper-Osmolality

106
Q

A Serum Osmolality of 269 mOsm/kg is what type of Osmolality?

A

Hypo-Osmolarity

107
Q

Water Deficit =

A

Hyper-Osmolality (Hypertonic)

108
Q

Water Excess =

A

Hypo-Osmolality (Hypotonic)

109
Q

Same Osmolality as inside cells (ICF) and outside the cells (ECF) =

A

Isotonic Solution

110
Q

Equal concentration of solutes and water =

A

Isotonic Solution

111
Q

Why is there no fluid shift in an isotonic solution?

A

Because everything is already equal, there’s nothing to correct.

112
Q

Low solute concentration =

A

Hypotonic Solution

113
Q

In a hypotonic solution, the cell is surrounded by hypotonic water and what does that water do?

A

It enters the cell until it bursts

114
Q

In a hypertonic solution, the cell is surrounded by hypertonic water and what does that water do?

A

The cell’s water leaves the cell to dilute the Extracellular fluid. This causes it to shrink.

115
Q

Isotonic IV Fluids (IVF) has the same concentration as-

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

116
Q

An isotonic IVF causes what change in cell size?

A

No change in cell size

117
Q

0.9% NaCl is a-

A

Isotonic IVF

118
Q

Normal Saline / NS / Sodium Chloride

All of these are just different names for-

A

0.9% NaCl

119
Q

5% Dextrose Water (D5W) is -

A

Isotonic, then hypotonic as dextrose quickly metabolizes

120
Q

5% Dextrose Water (D5W) is a good-

A

Hydrating Solution

121
Q

Lactated Ringer’s =

A

Isotonic IVF

122
Q

Balanced Electrolytes. Used a lot in surgery with fluid / blood loss =

A

Lactated Ringer’s (LR)

123
Q

Hypertonic IVF is more concentrated than-

A

ECF

124
Q

Hypertonic IVF causes fluid to shift from-

A

Inside the cells to outside the cells

125
Q

Hypertonic IVF causes ICF to go to -

A

Interstitial fluid, then possibly into intravascular
OR
Directly into intravascular, if a blood cell

126
Q

Used to decrease cell edema or replace electrolytes =

A

Hypertonic IVF

127
Q

5% Dextrose in Normal Saline (D5NS) =

A

Hypertonic IVF

128
Q

5% Dextrose in 0.45% Normal Saline (D5 1/2NS) =

A

Hypertonic IVF

129
Q

5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer’s (D5LR) =

A

Hypertonic IVF

130
Q

Hypotonic ICF is less concentrated that-

A

ECF

131
Q

Solution is pulled into cell + causes cells to swell =

A

Hypotonic IVF

132
Q

Hypotonic IVF causes a fluid shift from ECF (Intravascular, Interstitial) into-

A

The cell (ICF)

133
Q

Used to dilute ECF + treat cellular dehydration =

A

Hypotonic IVF

134
Q

0.45% NaCl (1/2 Normal Saline) =

A

Hypotonic IVF

135
Q

0.33% NaCl (1/3 Normal Saline) =

A

Hypotonic IVF

136
Q

Movement of water AND solutes together across capillary bed =

A

Filtration

137
Q

Filtration causes water and solutes to move from -

A

High pressure to low pressure

138
Q

There is how many types of pressure?

A

2

139
Q

What are the 2 types of pressure?

A

Oncotic + Hydrostatic

140
Q

Oncotic Pressure =

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

141
Q

Osmotic “Pull” =

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

142
Q

Amount of pressure from plasma colloids in vascular system =

A

Oncotic Pressure

143
Q

Colloids exert what?

A

“Pull” that attracts water

144
Q

Oncotic pressure pulls fluid from -

A

Tissue space to vascular space

145
Q

Does Oncotic pressure stay constant throughout the blood vessel?

A

Yes

146
Q

Force of fluid that presses against a vessel wall =

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

147
Q

The force of hydrostatic pressure is greater at-

A

The arterial end of a vessel than at the venous end

148
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is greater at which end?

A

It’d greater at the arterial end of the vessel than the venous end

149
Q

Oncotic Pressure (Colloid Osmotic Pressure) stays-

A

Constant in the vascular space

150
Q

Hydrostatic pressure at which end overrides colloid osmotic pressure?

A

The Arterial End

151
Q

At the venous end, -

A

Oncotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure

152
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure is able to “pull” -

A

Fluid + electrolytes back into the vessel from tissue spaces

153
Q

What’s the result of osmotic pressure at the venous end?

A

Waste products of cell metabolism “pulled” back into vessel.
Wastes can get excreted via circulatory system.
Maintains healthy cells; no destruction of tissue cells; no edema.

154
Q

What’s the result of hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end overriding osmotic pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure “pushes” fluid out of the vessel (Intravascular space) to interstitial (tissue) spaces.
Tissue cells get nourished with nutrients + oxygen.

155
Q

Average Daily Fluid Requirements:

Average Adult = How many ml/day?

A

~2,000 - 3,000 ml/day

156
Q

Average Daily Fluid Requirements:

Average Adult = How many ml/kg/day?

A

~ 40 ml/kg/day

157
Q

Average Daily Fluid Requirements:

Infant / Child = how many ml/day?

A

~1,150 ml/day

158
Q

Average Daily Fluid Requirements:

Infant / Child = how many ml/kg/day?

A

~100 - 150 ml/kg/day

159
Q

Sources per day:

Oral Liquids =

A

~ 1,200 ml

160
Q

Sources per day:

Water in Foods =

A

~1,000 ml

161
Q

Sources per day:

Metabolism =

A

~ 300 ml (H20 from oxidation)

162
Q

Primary regulator for fluid intake =

A

Thirst

163
Q

Osmoreceptors are stimulated by -

A

Volume Depletion

164
Q

When Osmoreceptors are stimulated by volume depletion, what happens?

A

You feel thirsty

165
Q

Who’s at risk for dehydration because of a decreased thirst sensation?

A

Older adults

166
Q

Why are infants at risk for dehydration?

A

Because they can’t communicate that they are thirsty

167
Q

When water is absorbed in the GI tract, name 2 things that happen:

A

Volume of Extracellular fluid increases.
Osmolality of Extracellular fluid decreases.

168
Q

Average daily fluid output=

A

~2,500 ml/day

169
Q

Fluid Output
Sources/day:

Kidneys (Urine) =

A

1,500 ml

170
Q

Fluid Output
Sources/day:

Skin =

A

300 ml

171
Q

Fluid Output
Sources/day:

GI (Fecal) =

A

100 ml

172
Q

Insensible Fluid Losses =

A

Not Measurable

173
Q

Skin via Diffusion =

A

Insensible Fluid Losses

174
Q

Lungs via Exhalation =

A

Insensible Fluid Losses

175
Q

Sensible Fluid Losses =

A

Measurable Fluid Losses

176
Q

Name some examples of sensible fluid losses:

A

Urine; Feces; Vomiting; Excess Perspiration

177
Q

What kind of patient’s would you not want to give LR to?

A

To PT’s with liver impairment (Cirrhosis or Hepatitis are examples)

178
Q

Why can’t you give LR to PT’s with liver impairment (Cirrhosis or Hepatitis)?

A

Their body can’t process Lactate correctly

Fundamentals 2 Exam 1 Flashcards (18 decks)

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