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Fundamentals 2 Exam 1 Flashcards > Fluid & Electrolytes Part 2 (B) Flashcards > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Part 2 (B) Flashcards

1
Q

Electrolytes are all-

A

Minerals / Salts

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2
Q

What are the positively charged electrolytes (Cations)?

A

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium

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3
Q

What can you monitor to identify any electrolyte imbalances with your pt’s?

A

Lab Values

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4
Q

What are the 3 age groups at a greater risk for electrolyte imbalances?

A

Infants
Children
Older Adults

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5
Q

What groups of people are at risk for electrolyte imbalances?
(Aside from age groups)

A

People with Cognitive Disorders or Chronic Illnesses

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6
Q

What does Calcium play an important role in?

A

Skeletal Mineralization
Muscle Contractions
Nerve Transmission of Impulses
Blood Clotting
Hormone Secretion

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7
Q

What is Skeletal Mineralization?

A

The process of the deposits of minerals on the bone matrix for the development of the bone itself

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8
Q

Calcium is predominantly what kind of electrolyte?

A

An Extracellular Cation

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9
Q

Hypocalcemia is a Total Blood Calcium Level of-

A

Less than 9

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for Hypocalcemia?

A

Increased calcium output

Poor intake or absorption of Calcium

Movement of Calcium into the bone from extracellular fluid

Shifting of calcium to an inactive form

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11
Q

What can cause increased calcium output to occur?

A

Chronic Diarrhea

Misuse of Laxatives

Steatorrhea

Poor Intake / Absorption of Calcium

Movement of Calcium into the bone from extracellular fluid

Shifting of calcium to an inactive form

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12
Q

What is Steatorrhea?

A

An increase in fat secretion in your stools or bowel movements

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13
Q

What can cause a poor Intake / Absorption of Calcium ?

A

Crohn’s Disease

Vitamin Deficiency (Caused by alcohol use disorders or Chronic Kidney Disease)

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14
Q

What are the clinical manifestations/ expected findings of a pt with Hypocalcemia?

A

Tetany

Cardiovascular Manifestations

GI Manifestations

CNS Manifestations

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15
Q

What is Tetany?

A

Muscle Twitches/spasms/involuntary muscle contractions

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16
Q

What are the expected findings of a pt diagnosed with Muscle Twitches / Tetany?

A

Numbness/tingling: fingers & circumoral

Muscle spasms occurring frequently at rest

Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes

Chvostek’s sign: Positive

Trousseau’s sign: Positive

Laryngospasms

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17
Q

This is a test where you tap on a person’s cheek in front of the ear to assess for any facial twitching =

A

Chvostek’s Sign

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18
Q

Hand finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation =

A

Trousseau’s Sign

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19
Q

What are the cardiovascular manifestations of Hypocalcemia?

A

Weak Thready Pulse

Bradycardia or Tachycardia

Cardiac Dysrhythmias

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20
Q

What are the GI manifestations of Hypocalcemia?

A

Hyperactive Bowel Sounds

Diarrhea

Abdominal Cramping

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21
Q

What are the Central Nervous System manifestations of Hypocalcemia?

A

Seizures

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22
Q

What are the nursing actions for Hypocalcemia?

A

Calcium supplements (oral or IV) with Vitamin D supplements

Seizure precautions

Fall precautions

Keep emergency equipment on standby

High calcium foods

Include dairy products and dark green veggies

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23
Q

Padding side rails is a precaution for-

A

Seizures

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24
Q

Orange juice is a good source of-

A

Calcium

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25
Hypercalcemia is a Total Blood Calcium Level of-
Over 10.5
26
What are the causes of Hypercalcemia?
Thiazide diuretics Glucocorticoids (long term use) Paget’s Disease Hyperthyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Bone Cancer
27
What are the Neuromuscular manifestations of Hypercalcemia?
Decreased Reflexes Bone Pain
28
What are the Cardiovascular manifestations of Hypercalcemia?
Dysrhythmias Increased Risk for Blood Clots
29
What are the GI manifestations of Hypercalcemia?
Nausea & Vomiting Constipation Anorexia
30
What are the Genitourinary manifestations of Hypercalcemia?
Hypercalciuria
31
What are the CNS manifestations of Hypercalcemia?
Weakness Lethargy Confusion Decreased LOC Personality Changes
32
What are the nursing actions for Hypercalcemia?
Restrict Calcium Increase Fluid Intake Monitor for Pathological Fractures
33
What are Pathological Fractures?
Breaks in bones that are caused by an underlying disease and not from trauma
34
Magnesium is found mostly in your-
Bones
35
There is a small amount of magnesium in your-
Body Cells
36
Magnesium is an electrolyte that plays a key part of many body reactions that affect-
Cellular Function, Nerve Conduction, etc
37
What relies heavily on magnesium to do its job?
Brain, Heart, Muscles
38
Magnesium has a direct effect on-
The balance of other electrolytes (Sodium, Calcium, Potassium)
39
There is a very small amount of magnesium in the-
Extracellular Fluid
40
Hypomagnesemia often occurs along side -
Hypocalcemia & Hypokalemia
41
These organs are responsible for retaining normal magnesium levels:
Small & Large Intestines Bones Kidneys
42
How do the Small & Large Intestines help retain normal magnesium levels?
Absorb magnesium from the food you eat
43
How do the Bones help retain normal magnesium levels?
Storage system for magnesium
44
How do the Kidneys help retain normal magnesium levels?
Excretion or release of magnesium via the urine
45
A problem with the Small & Large Intestines, Bones, or Kidneys can all leave you at a high risk of acquiring-
Hypomagnesemia
46
Hypomagnesemia is magnesium level of -
Lower than 1.3
47
Hypermagnesemia is magnesium level of -
Higher than 2.1
48
What are the risk factors of Hypomagnesemia?
Increased Magnesium Output Shift to an inactive form Inadequate magnesium intake Inadequate magnesium absorption
49
What can cause increased magnesium output?
Increased GI losses (Diarrhea or NG Tube set to suction) Thiazides Loop Diuretics Can be associated with Hypocalcemia
50
What can cause magnesium to shift to an inactive form?
A rapid infusion of citrated blood
51
What can cause an inadequate magnesium intake and absorption?
Malnutrition, Alcohol Use Disorder, Misuse of Laxatives
52
What are the Neuromuscular manifestations of Hypomagnesemia?
Increased Nerve Impulse Transmission: Hyperactive Deep Tendon Reflexes, Paresthesia, Tetany, Positive Chvostek’s Sign, Positive Trousseau’s Sign, Insomnia, Seizures
53
What are the GI manifestations of Hypomagnesemia?
Hypoactive Bowel Sounds Constipation Distended Abdomen Paralytic Ileus
54
Hypomagnesemia mainly effects your-
Neuromuscular System + Heart
55
What are the Cardiovascular manifestations of Hypomagnesemia?
Dysrhythmias Tachycardia Hypertension Premature Ventricular Contractions ECG Waveform Changes
56
What are the nursing actions for Hypomagnesemia?
Stop any meds that waste magnesium Magnesium replacement: oral for mild manifestations and IV for severe Oral replacement can potentially cause diarrhea making the depletion worse High magnesium foods (include whole grains and dark green veggies)
57
What are some foods that are high in Magnesium?
Pumpkin Seeds, Dry Roasted Almonds, Boiled Spinach, Dry Roasted Cashews, Pumpkin Seeds (In Shell), Oil Roasted Peanuts, Cereal (Shredded Wheat), Plain / Vanilla Soy Milk, Cooked Black Beans, Dark Chocolate (60-90% Cocoa), Smooth Peanut Butter, Bread (Whole Wheat), Avocado, Baked Potato (with Skin), Cooked Brown Rice, Plain Low-Fat Yogurt, Fortified Breakfast Cereals, Instant Oatmeal, Canned Kidney Beans, Bananas, Unsweetened Cocoa Powder, Farmed Atlantic Salmon, Milk, Cooked Halibut, Raisins, Roasted Chicken Breast, 90% Lean Ground Beef, Chopped & Cooked Broccoli, Apples, Cooked White Rice, Raw Carrots
58
Causes of Hypermagnesemia =
Kidney impairment Adrenal impairment Increased intake of medications containing magnesium
59
What meds contain magnesium?
Laxatives & Antacids
60
What are the Neuromuscular Manifestations of Hypermagnesemia?
Muscle Paralysis Shallow Respirations Bradypnea Diminished DTR’s (deep tendon reflexes)
61
What are the Cardiovascular Manifestations of Hypermagnesemia?
Bradycardia Hypotension Cardiac Arrest Dysrhythmias ECG changes
62
What are the CNS Manifestations of Hypermagnesemia?
Lethargy
63
What are the nursing actions for Hypermagnesemia?
Assess vital signs, LOC, & reflexes frequently Notify HCP if there are changes or absent reflexes Loop diuretics and magnesium free fluids if kidney function is adequate Calcium gluconate for severe cardiac changes
64
How can you diagnose Hypermagnesemia?
ECG (prolonged PR interval and wide QRS)

Fundamentals 2 Exam 1 Flashcards (18 decks)

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