Fluid Management and Filtration

Question 1

What organ produces erythropoietin?

Answer 1

Kidneys

Question 2

Why are renal failure patients anemic?

Answer 2

Kidneys produce erythrocytes

Question 3

What percentage of the body is water?

Answer 3

45-75%

Question 4

What percentage of water is found inside the cell?

Answer 4

66%

Question 5

What percentage of water is found outside the cell?

Answer 5

33%

Question 6

Where is 33% of water outside of the cell found?

Answer 6

Blood Plasma

Question 7

Where is 66% of water outside of the cell found?

Answer 7

Interstitial Fluid

Question 8

Proportion of the blood that is made of Red Blood Cells.

Answer 8

Hematocrit (45%)

Question 9

Portion of the blood that is about 55% of blood volume.

Answer 9

Plasma (55%)

Question 10

For the purposes of this exam, what is considered to be Extracellular Fluid?

Answer 10

Blood

Question 11

What will ALWAYS result in lower extracellular fluid volume?

Answer 11

Volume Contraction

Question 12

What will ALWAYS result in higher extracellular fluid volume?

Answer 12

Volume Expansion

Question 13

What is osmolarity referring to? (Intra or Extracellular)

Answer 13

Extraceullar

Question 14

Fluid loss through diarrhea tends to be what?

Answer 14

Isosmotic

Question 15

Water deprivation will cause what kind of fluid shift?

Answer 15

Hyperosmotic Volume Contraction

Question 16

Adrenal insufficiency, where aldosterone is not being released from the adrenal cortex. This causes sodium to not be reabsorbed as much and causes what kind of fluid shift?

Answer 16

Hypoosmotic Volume Contraction

Question 17

Administering a patient Isotonic NaCl (Normal Saline) will cause what?

Answer 17

Isosmotic Volume Expansion

Question 18

A high sodium diet will cause what kind of fluid shift?

Answer 18

Hyperosmotic Volume Expansion

Question 19

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) causes excessive release of Antidiuretic Hormone to be released which causes more water to be reabsorbed in the collecting ducts. What kind of fluid shift will this cause?

Answer 19

Hypoosmotic Volume Expansion

Question 20

List the pathway of blood flow through the kidney

Answer 20

Renal Arteries
Smaller Arteries
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus (capillary)
Efferent Arteriole
Nephron Perfusion

Question 21

List the pathway through the nephron.

Answer 21

Proximal Tubule
Thick Descending Limb
Thin Descending Limb
Thin Ascending Limb
Thick Ascending Limb
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct

Question 22

Nephrons found in the Long Loop of Henle that are involved in the concentration of urine.

Answer 22

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Question 23

Nephrons that are found in the Short Loop of Henle and account for most of the nephrons.

Answer 23

Cortical Nephrons

Question 24

What is the normal Glomerular Filtration Rate per day?

Answer 24

180 Liters

Question 25

How much urine is produced on average per day?

Answer 25

1 - 2 Liters

Question 26

Removal of large proteins and cells from blood and into the nephron tubule through the glomerulus.

Answer 26

Filtration

Question 27

Movement of substances from the tubule into the blood.

Answer 27

Reabsorption

Question 28

Movement of substances from the blood directly into the tubules.

Answer 28

Secretion

Question 29

Movement of filtered blood (as urine) to the bladder and then out.

Answer 29

Excretion

Question 30

Mechanoreceptor cells that sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.

Answer 30

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Question 31

What hormone is contained in the juxtaglomerular cells?

Answer 31

Renin

Question 32

What does renin ultimately do?

Answer 32

Increase blood pressure (Increases sodium reabsorption)

Question 33

Cells that are sensitive to sodium ion concentration.

Answer 33

Macula Densa

Question 34

What will the outcome be if NaCl levels are high?

Answer 34

Decreased GFR

Question 35

What will the outcome be if NaCl levels are low?

Answer 35

Increase GFR

Question 36

If renal blood flow increases, what happens to glomerular filtration rate.

Answer 36

Increases GFR

Question 37

If renal blood flow decreases, what happens to Glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 37

Decreases GFR

Question 38

Increased sodium and chloride ions triggers that release of what from the macula densa?

Answer 38

Adenosine

Question 39

What does Adenosine cause?

Answer 39

Vasoconstriction (lowering GFR and RBF)

Question 40

Prostaglandins cause what to happen as a protective factor?

Answer 40

Vasodilation (afferent)

Question 41

Overuse of what will block prostaglandin production and make a patient susceptible to kidney injury?

Answer 41

NSAIDs

Question 42

What types of molecules are filtered into the nephron tubule?

Answer 42

Small Molecules Electrolytes

Question 43

What types of molecules are not filtered into the nephron tubule and remain in circulation?

Answer 43

Larger Proteins Blood Cells

Question 44

Type of cell processes laid down by Bowman's Capsule like "little feet" that from filtration slits.

Answer 44

Podocytes

Question 45

Small pores in the glomerulus capillaries.

Answer 45

Fenestrae

Question 46

If protein levels are low in the glomerular capillary (low glomerular oncotic pressure) what is favored?

Answer 46

Filtration

Question 47

After filtration, the filtrate is subject to what three things?

Answer 47

Reabsorption Secretion Excretion

Question 48

If a medication is filtered at 100% but not reabsorbed, do we expect the drug to excreted at more or less than 100% of what was filtered?

Answer 48

More than