Gastrointestinal: Part 2

Question 1

Specialized structures on the folds that further increase surface area and contain blood vessels and lacteal (lymph vessels), which play a role in the absorption of nutrients.

Answer 1

Villi

Question 2

Form the brush border and increase surface area even more

Answer 2

Microvilli

Question 3

Microenvironment for enzyme release and digestion and reabsorption

Answer 3

Brush Border

Question 4

Where is bile made?

Answer 4

Liver

Question 5

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

Answer 5

Gallbladder

Question 6

Where is bile released to?

Answer 6

Duodenum

Question 7

What two things can stimulate the release of bile from the gallbladder?

Answer 7

Cholecystokinin
Vagus Nerve

Question 8

What is bile made of?

Answer 8

Mostly Water
Bile Salts (50%)
Cholesterol (4%)
Bile Pigments (2%)
Phospholipids (40%)

Question 9

What do bile salts help to do?

Answer 9

Emulsify Fats
(break down)

Question 10

Principal bile pigment released by the liver.

Answer 10

Bilirubin

Question 11

Type of bilirubin that is secreted into the intestines with bile.

Answer 11

Conjugated bilirubin

Question 12

Type of bile that is broken down into urobilirubin and stercobilin in the small intestines and may be reabsorbed or secreted in feces.

Answer 12

Conjugated Bilirubin

Question 13

Where are most senescent (old) red blood cells broken down?

Answer 13

Liver

Question 14

What is bilirubin derived from?

Answer 14

Heme of recycled red blood cells

Question 15

Type of bilirubin that is stuck to protein in the blood and is not soluble.

Answer 15

Unconjugated Bilirubin

Question 16

Type of bilirubin that is released from albumin and is soluble in bile.

Answer 16

Conjugated (Direct Bilirubin)

Question 17

Where is bilirubin conjugated?

Answer 17

Liver

Question 18

Where are bile salts made?

Answer 18

Liver

Question 19

What is the primary function of bile salts?

Answer 19

Emulsify Fats

Question 20

Bile salts are amphipathic, meaning they have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion. This property allows that to act as what?

Answer 20

Emulsifiers

Question 21

What is the fate of bile salts that are released into the small intestine?

Answer 21

Reabsorbed
(in the Ileum)

Question 22

What breaks down fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids stored in micelles?

Answer 22

Pancreatic Lipase

Question 23

Inside cells, cholesterol, monoglycerides, lysolecithin (an emulsifier) mix with Free Fatty Acids and apolipoproteins. Triglcyerides are then reassembled from monglycerides, cholesterol is esterfied to an inactive form, and phopholipids reassemble. All of this together forms what?

Answer 23

Chylomicron

Question 24

How does absorption of lipids take place?

Answer 24

Brought in inside of a micelle, everything is put back together and then turned into a chylomicron.

Question 25

Made by intestinal cells and carry digested lipids from the intestine to adipose tissue and other cells.

Answer 25

Chylomicrons

Question 26

How do chylomicrons leave the intestinal environment?

Answer 26

Lymph Vessels (Lacteals)

Question 27

Lipoprotein that carries mostly triglycerides made in the liver and takes them to adipose tissue.

Answer 27

Very-low-density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Question 28

Main carrier of cholesterol to "needy" cells.

Answer 28

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 29

Lipoprotein that removes excess cholesterol from cells and vascular membranes.

Answer 29

High-density Lipoprotein

Question 30

What type of cholesterol is considered "bad" because it leaves deposits on vessels walls as they take lipids to cells?

Answer 30

Low-density Lipoprotein

Question 31

What type of cholesterol is considered "good" because they clean up deposits in the blood as well as removing lipids from cells?

Answer 31

High-density Lipoprotein

Question 32

Specialized vasculature that delivers absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing before they enter the general systemic circulation.

Answer 32

Hepatic Portal System

Question 33

Blood from the digestive system carries absorbed material to the liver through what?

Answer 33

Hepatic Portal Vein

Question 34

What is a potential consequence of liver cirrhosis or other hepatic obstructions to portal blood flow (portal hypertension).

Answer 34

Varices

Question 35

Where are most gastrointestinal flora found?

Answer 35

Colon

Question 36

What are some products of intestinal flora?

Answer 36

Gases Vitamins (B12 and K)

Question 37

Where is most water reabsorbed?

Answer 37

Small Intestine (large intestine plays a role as well)