Fluids and Electrolytes III

Question 1

Where renal corpuscle is secreted?

Answer 1

Glomerulus

Question 2

This is the filtration membrane

Answer 2

Bowman’s Capsule

Question 3

This means inflow of blood?

Answer 3

Afferent

Question 4

This means outflow of blood?

Answer 4

Efferent

Question 5

What are the 3 filtration membranes?

Answer 5

1 Capillary endothelium
2 Baseline membrane
3 Podocyte cell processes

Question 6

What are the 2 toxic wastes?

Answer 6

Urea and creatinine

Question 7

What are some toxic wastes?

Answer 7

1 Glucose
2 Ions
3 Blood cells

Question 8

Carries fluid away from the capsule?

Answer 8

Proximal convoluted tubules

Question 9

Other name for fluid

Answer 9

Filtrate fluid

Question 10

Fluid that passes across the filtration membrane

Answer 10

Filtrate

Question 11

Reabsorbs ions

Answer 11

Loop of Henle

Question 12

Downward tube

Answer 12

Descending limb

Question 13

Upward tube

Answer 13

Ascending limb

Question 14

Reabsorption of water (20-25%), Secretion of renin

Answer 14

Distal convulated tubules

Question 15

Consists of cells from the wall of the afferent arteriole and the distal tubule

Answer 15

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 16

Reabsorption of water (5-10%), Secretion of ADH and ions

Answer 16

Collecting ducts

Question 17

Secretes ions (hydrogen, ammonium)

Answer 17

Collecting ducts

Question 18

3 processes in the urine formation

Answer 18

1 Filtration
2 Reabsorption
3 Secretion

Question 19

Primary site of reabsorption of soultes

Answer 19

Proximal tubules

Question 20

Further concentrates the filtrate

Answer 20

Descending limb

Question 21

Dilutes the filtrate by removing solutes

Answer 21

Ascending limb

Question 22

Removes water and solutes

Answer 22

Distal tubules and Collecting ducts

Question 23

Small tubules that acrry urine from the renal pelvis

Answer 23

Ureters

Question 24

Hallow muscular container; stores the urine

Answer 24

Urinary bladder

Question 25

Contracts during ejaculation to prevent urine flow

Answer 25

Internal Sphincter

Question 26

True or False. Women are more prone to develop incontinence

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Controls flow of urine through urethra

Answer 27

External sphincter

Question 28

What are the layers of the urinary bladder wall?

Answer 28

1 Connective Tissue 2 Detrusor 3 Transitional epithelium

Question 29

Urine stretches the bladder wall 300-500 mL

Answer 29

Micturition Reflex

Question 30

What are the characteristics of a normal urine?

Answer 30

1 Color is clear pale yellow 2 Color variation depends on concentration of solutes 3 Urine is slightly aromatic

Question 31

Normal constituents of urine

Answer 31

``` 1 Water 2 Urea 3 Ions (Na, K, etc.) 4 Creatine and uric acid 5 Small amounts of Ca, Mg, and HCO3 ```

Question 32

Abnormal constituents

Answer 32

1 Glucose 2 Albumin 3 Ketone bodies

Question 33

What are examples of urinary tract infections?

Answer 33

1 Cystisis 2 Pyelonephritis 3 Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)

Question 34

Infectious renal didorder caused by pathologic microorganisms

Answer 34

UTI

Question 35

Lower UTI

Answer 35

1 Cystisis 2 Prostatitis 3 Urethritis

Question 36

Upper UTI

Answer 36

Acute/chronic pyelonephritis 2 Interstitial nephritis 3 Renal abscess

Question 37

Mechanisms of maintaining sterility of the bladder

Answer 37

``` 1 Physical barriers of the urethra 2 Urine flow 3 Uterovesical junction 4 Antibacterial enzymes 5 Anti-adherent effects of mucosal cells of the bladder ```

Question 38

Bckward flow from urethra to the bladder

Answer 38

Urethrovesical reflux

Question 39

Backward flow from ureter to bladder

Answer 39

Ureterovesical reflux

Question 40

Routes of Infection

Answer 40

``` 1 Transurethral 2 Fecal contamination 3 Sexual intercourse 4 Infection from the genitourinary orifice 5 Through the bloodstream 6 Hematogenius Spread ```

Question 41

Common route of infection

Answer 41

Transurethral