Fluids/Electrolytes

Question 1

What are the two main compartments of body fluids?

Answer 1

Intracellular (ICF) and Extracellular (ECF)

Question 2

What are the 3 Extracellular fluids?

Answer 2

Interstitial, intravascular and transcellular

Question 3

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 3

Fluid within cells

Makes up about 70% of total body water or 40% of body weight

Question 4

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 4

fluid outside of cell

Accounts for about 30% of total body water and 20% of body weight

Question 5

Interstitial fluids

Answer 5

Fluid that surrounds tissue cells

Ex. Lymph

Question 6

Intravascular fluids

Answer 6

Liquid component of blood

Question 7

Examples of transcellular fluid

Answer 7

CSF, pericardial, synovial, intraocular, pleural fluids, sweat, digestive secretions

Question 8

What are the major Intracellular electrolytes?

Answer 8

Potassium, magnesium, and phosphate

Question 9

Potassium

Answer 9

Major electrolyte and principal cation in Intracellular compartment

Question 10

Cation

Answer 10

Positive

Question 11

What foods are high in potassium?

Answer 11

Avocado, banana, potatoes, spinach, beans, citrus juices, fish

Question 12

Magnesium

Answer 12

Essential for neurological activities

Question 13

What foods are high in magnesium?

Answer 13

Brown rice, buckwheat oats, peanuts, spinach, whole-wheat bread, mackerel

Question 14

Phosphate

Answer 14

Primary anion found Intracellular fluid

Crucial role in cell membrane integrity, muscle function, neurological function, metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins

Question 15

Anion

Answer 15

Negative

Question 16

What are the major Extracellular electrolytes?

Answer 16

Sodium, calcium, and chloride

Question 17

Sodium

Answer 17

Most abundant cation in ECF (90%)

Important for muscle contractions, nerve impulses, acid-base reactions

Question 18

Hyponatremia

Answer 18

Sodium deficit <135 mEq/L

Question 19

Hypernatremia

Answer 19

Sodium surplus >145 mEq/L

Question 20

Osmosis

Answer 20

A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semi-permeable membrane from a LESS concentrated solution into a MORE CONCENTRATED one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane

Question 21

Osmotic (Oncotic) pressure

Answer 21

Drawing power of water; “pulling force” that pulls electrolytes back into intravascular space

Question 22

Isotonic solution

Answer 22

Two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane
Allows for free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side

Ex. D5W, 0.9% NS, LRs

Question 23

Hypertonic solution

Answer 23

Contain a higher concentration of solute. Compared to plasma and interstitial fluid
Creates an osmotic gradient and drive fluid from the interstitial space into the intravascular space = cells shrinks; concentration in solution > conception of ICF of cell

Ex. D10W, 3-5% NS, D5.9% NS, D5.45% NS, D5LR

Question 24

Hypotonic solution

Answer 24

Any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution; a solution that has less solute and more water than another solution = cells swells

Ex. 0.45% Saline, 0.22% Saline, 0.33% Saline

Question 25

When would you use an isotonic solution?

Answer 25

As a replacement fluid, blood loss, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 26

When would a hypertonic solution be used?

Answer 26

Emergency situations | I.E. cerebral edema

Question 27

When would you use a hypotonic solution?

Answer 27

Used for dehydrated cells, used as an electrolyte replenisher

Question 28

Diffusion

Answer 28

The net passive movement of particles (atoms, ions, molecules) from a region in which they are in HIGHER concentration to regions of LOWER concentration; continues until substances are uniformly mixed

Question 29

Active Transport

Answer 29

When molecules move across a cell membrane from a LOWER concentration to a HIGHER concentration; utilizes ATP

Question 30

Filtration

Answer 30

Movement of water and solutes across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure from the cardiovascular system Ex. Renal filtration

Question 31

Hypovolemia

Answer 31

Abnormal decrease in the volume of blood plasma

Question 32

What are the signs and symptoms of hypovolemia?

Answer 32

HTN, weight loss, tented/dry skin, increased RR & PR, cool skin, flat neck veins, oliguria, lethargy

Question 33

Routes of fluid replacement

Answer 33

Oral, enteral tube, parenteral

Question 34

Hypervolemia

Answer 34

AKA fluid overload Too much fluid in blood; caused by excessive intake of sodium from foods, IV solutions and blood transfusions, medications, ,or diagnostic contrast dyes

Question 35

Signs & symptoms of hypervolemia

Answer 35

Changes in LOC, confusion, HA, seizures, pulmonary congestion, bounding pulse, increased BP & JVD, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea

Question 36

Nursing interventions for hypervolemia

Answer 36

Fluid restriction, daily weights, crackling sounds in lungs, diuretic

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

A dynamic equilibrium which is actively regulated to maintain a variable at a constant level

Question 38

Isotonic IV solutions

Answer 38

D5W 0.9% NS Lactated ringers (LR)

Question 39

Hypertonic IV solutions

Answer 39

``` D10W 3%-5% NS D5.9% NS D5.45% NS D5LR ```

Question 40

Hypotonic IV solutions

Answer 40

0. 45% Saline 0. 22% Saline 0. 33% Saline