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ARRT Kettering > Fluoroscopy (Meaghan Peretti) > Flashcards

Fluoroscopy (Meaghan Peretti) Flashcards

1
Q

C-arm is considered:

A

Mobile Fluoroscopy

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2
Q

Fluoroscopy room is considered:

A

Stationary Fluoroscopy

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3
Q

The fluoroscopic x-ray tube is located:

A

under the fluoroscopic table

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4
Q

The C-arm x-ray source is located:

A

under the patient and/or surgical table

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5
Q

The Image Intensifier (II) is located:

A

over the patient

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6
Q

The Image Intensifier Job (II):

A

works similar to the Imaging plate by collecting the remnant or exit radiation after passing through the patient to create the radiographic image. The image is displayed on the monitor.

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7
Q

Fluoroscopy uses a technology referred to as:

A

Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) to control the kVp and mA

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8
Q

Purpose of ABC:

A

regulates the kVp and mA for fluoroscopy depending on the part being examined.
It will adjust as the radiologist moves the II over different areas of the body, as well as areas with or without contrast.

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9
Q

The maximum mA station for fluoroscopy is:

A

5 mA
(This will also control the brightness of the image)

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10
Q

kVp will vary by:

A

body part, thickness of body part, and type of contrast. This also may vary per equipment type/manufacturer.

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11
Q

Barium work kVp range:

A

100 range

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12
Q

Air Contrast kVp range:

A

90 range

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13
Q

Water soluble contrast kVp range:

A

70-80 range

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14
Q

Automatic Brightness Stabilization (ABS):

A

maintains image brightness

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15
Q

Automatic Exposure Rate Control (AERC):

A

maintains the radiation dose per frame at a predetermined level.

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16
Q

Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) controls:

A

kVp and mA

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17
Q

For a fluoroscopy of an arthrogram what do you do with technical factors?

A

nothing, do not set them.

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18
Q

What is the role of the Input phosphor?*

A

takes remnant beam and converts x-ray photons into light photons

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19
Q

What is the Input Phosphor made of?

A

Cesium Iodide

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20
Q

Photocathode purpose?

A

takes the light photons and converts them into electrons

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21
Q

Photoemission:

A

emitting electrons from light source

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22
Q

What is the photocathode made of?

A

Antimony compounds and cesium

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23
Q

The purpose of the electrostatic lenses:

A

focuses the electrons toward the anode

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24
Q

What is the anode in fluoroscopy made of?

A

Tungsten

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the output screen?

A

converts electrons into light photons

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26
Q

What is the output screen made of?

A

zinc cadmium sulfide

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27
Q

Put the image intensifier in order:

A
  1. Input phosphor (cesium iodide crystal)
    a. x-rays to light
  2. Photocathode
    -light photons into electrons
  3. Electrostatic lenses
    -focuses electrons
  4. Anode
    -accelerates electrons
  5. Output
    -converts electrons into light photons
  6. CCD
    -converts light back to electrical signal
  7. ADC
    -converts to digital signal
  8. Monitor
    -see the image on the monitor screen
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28
Q

The ratio of light photons at the output phosphor divided by the number of input x-ray photons is the:

A

Flux Gain

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29
Q

total number of light photons produced by each electron

A

Flux Gain

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30
Q

a ratio of the size of the input phosphor compared to the size of the output phosphor.

A

Minification Gain

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31
Q

The output phosphor is _________ than the output, _________ brightness.

A

smaller, increasing

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32
Q

The ability of the image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image is called the:

A

Brightness Gain

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33
Q

The brightness gain is simply the product of the:

A

minification gain x the flux gain

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34
Q

Total brightness gain ranges from:

A

5,000-20,000 and decreases as the tube ages

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35
Q

What does Flux Gain Compare:

A

of light photons (output)/# of x-rays (input)

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36
Q

Minification gain compares:

A

(input phosphor diameter/output phosphor diameter)^2

37
Q

Brightness Gain=

A

minification gain x flux gain

38
Q

A Radiologist needs to magnify up:

A

results in a smaller field of view
decreased input phosphor size
Increased Spatial Resolution
Increases Contrast Resolution
Increases Patient Dose

39
Q

Smaller input phosphor size=

A

increased dose

40
Q

Which input phosphor size would increase dose the most?

A

15 cm phosphor size=increased dose (smaller input phosphor size means magnification is more present)

41
Q

As magnification increases:

A

the focal point moves forward
the size of the input phosphor decreases
The FOV decreases
Patient Dose Increases
(use it only when they need it)

42
Q

If the patient is standing for a PA chest against the wall bucky:

A

decrease OID, decrease magnification of the heart

43
Q

The patient is on the OR table what would you do?

A

Increase the SID, move the patient away from the x-ray source, closer to the II reduces dose.

44
Q

Reducing magnification in flouroscopy:

A

decrease OID
bring the II closer to the patient

45
Q

Newer C-arms are a:

A

FPD model

46
Q

FPD improvements:

A

improve image quality
reduce patient dose
less cumbersome to move
reduces sterile field contamination

47
Q

FPD=indirect conversion steps:

A

X-rays exit the patient, cesium iodide scintillator converts x-rays to light, amorphous silicon photodiode converts light to electrons. TFT collects electrical signal

48
Q

Smaller DEL’s=

A

increased spatial resolution

49
Q

For pediatric fluoroscopy __________ is recommended

A

removal of the grid

50
Q

Fluoroscopic grids tend to be _____________ ratio grids due to the ________ mA values used in flouro imaging.

A

lower, low

51
Q

the reduction of an image’s brightness or saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center.

A

Vignetting

52
Q

image in a fluoroscopic system to distort with an “S” shape

A

S Shape Distortion

53
Q

The loss of shape at the edges of the fluoro image

A

Pincushion Artifact

54
Q

The exposure switch type in flouroscopy:

A

Dead Man Switch

55
Q

X-rays are only generated when the operator actively pressed the switch (Button or Foot Pedal).

A

Dead Man Switch

56
Q

Remote switch- mobile

A

2 meters

57
Q

When fluoroscopy is stopped, an image continues to be displayed on the monitor.

A

Last Image Hold (LIH)

58
Q

The last image hold/save grab feature:

A

allows the image to be saved, thus reducing the need for another exposure

59
Q

The last image is digitally “frozen” on the monitor after x-ray exposure is terminated

A

Last Image Hold

60
Q

The presence of a grid:

A

increases contrast, increases image quality, increase the dose to the patient

61
Q

In pediatric cases, removal of the grid has resulted in dose reduction of up to:

A

1/3 to 1/2 with little or no loss in contrast and image quality

62
Q

overlays a collimator blade on the last image hold so that one can adjust field dimensions without exposing the patient

A

Electronic Collimation

63
Q

eye +

A

Boost

64
Q

eye

A

Fluoro

65
Q

Low dose reduces exposure by:

A

50%

66
Q

Pulse reduces exposure by:

A

75-90%

67
Q

Beam is emitted as a series of short pulses

A

Pulse Setting

68
Q

there is a constant beam on time

A

Continuous Fluoro

69
Q

Stepping on and off the foot pedal (dead man switch), usually for filling bladder

A

Intermittent Fluoroscopy

70
Q

***Mobile Fluoroscopy (c-arm) SSD:

A

12” or 30 cm
(hint: take a lunch at 12:3- in the OR)

71
Q

the distance between the tube and the patient during fluoroscopy

A

Source to Skin Distance (SSD)

72
Q

***Stationary Fluoroscopy (flouro room) SSD:

A

14” or 38 cm

73
Q

The largest amount of scatter produced on a c-arm is located:

A

where the x-ray beam enters the patient

74
Q

In Fluoroscopy keep the _______ minimized when possible.

A

OID

75
Q

The least scatter location is _______ to the patient where the II is placed over them.

A

90 degrees

76
Q

The highest operator exposure is:

A

on the x-ray tube side

77
Q

As patient size increases:

A

scatter radiation increases

78
Q

The increase in scatter radiation will impact:

A

the radiographer and the patient

79
Q

If you are doing a lateral C-arm examination, where should you be standing?

A

Behind the C-arm with an increased distance and use your remote and step back.

80
Q

If the surgeon or radiologist is using flouro and not looking at the screen. Communication with the patient will improve efficiency of the exam.

A

Time

81
Q

Move back from the flouro table or C-arm

A

Distance

82
Q

Dosimeter placed outside the lead shield

A

Shielding

83
Q

Lead apron and Thyroid shield minimum required:

A

.25 mm Pb

84
Q

For fluoroscopy the minimum shield required:

A

.50 mm lead (Pb)

85
Q

Bucky slot cover minimum:

A

.25 mm pb

86
Q

Lead Curtain minimimum:

A

.25 mm pb

87
Q

For fluoroscopy the exposure timer should be:

A

under 5 minutes

88
Q

light must turn on to alert of exposure

A

radiation light

89
Q

Keep the II Distance closer to the patient:

A

reduces scatter

ARRT Kettering (15 decks)

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