Procedures Kettering Audio Flashcards
1
Q
What does the term Decubitus mean?
A
Lying down with a horizontal beam
2
Q
The elbow is ________ in relationship to the wrist.
A
Proximal
3
Q
The wrist is _________ in relationship to the elbow
A
Distal
4
Q
Sthenic Body Habitus
A
Average Body Habitus
5
Q
Where can you find the stomach on a hypersthenic patient? How do you place the cassette to capture?
A
The stomach is higher, more transverse, more lateral
-Landscape Cassette
6
Q
On a hypo and asthenic body habitus where is the stomach located?
A
Lower, more midline, more J shape
-Place the Cassette Portrait
7
Q
Axial Skeleton Definition:
A
A portion of the skeleton toward the center or midline of the body. (Skull all the way down through Coccyx)
8
Q
Appendicular Skeleton Definition:
A
Upper and Lower Extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles
9
Q
Anatomical Position Definition:
A
Standing erect, palms facing forward, looking straight ahead
10
Q
In the hand the first digit is ________.
A
Thumb
More lateral
11
Q
What is the medial bone of the lower leg?
A
Tibia
12
Q
What is the Lateral bone of the lower leg?
A
Fibula
13
Q
The medial bone of the forearm is:
A
The Ulna
14
Q
The lateral bone of the forearm is:
A
Radius
15
Q
Radiographic View Definition:
A
The body part as seen by the image receptor or other recording medium.
16
Q
Radiographic Position Definition:
A
A specific body position or part that’s nearest to the IR
singular surface in contact
17
Q
Radiographic Projection Definition:
A
Refers to the path of the CR/path of x-ray beam travel
18
Q
If you are lying down on your back the position would be?
A
Supine Position
OR
Posterior Position
19
Q
If you are standing with your back against the IR (chest stand) the position is:
A
Erect/Upright Position
20
Q
If you are standing facing the tube the position is:
A
Erect/Upright Position
OR
Posterior Position
21
Q
If the patient is supine the projection is:
A
AP projection
22
Q
The path of the x-ray beam travel
A
Radiographic Projection
23
Q
In a routine PA chest x-ray the PA stands for:
A
Posterior-Anterior
Posteroanterior
24
Q
PA projection definition:
A
Enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface
25
Supine definition:
Lying down flat on back
26
If you are in the RPO Position you will also be in the:
Ap oblique projection
27
What is this image best demonstrating?
Flexion View of the L-Spine L4/L5 Spondylotisthesis (patient leaning forward)
28
ASIS location:
level of S1
29
Located at the C4-5 interspace
Thyroid Cartilage
30
Sternal angle located at the:
Level of T4-5
31
Sternal Notch is located:
level of T2, T3
32
Inferior angle of the scapula for a PA chest x-ray is located at the level of:
T7 (PA Projection of the chest)
33
Tip of the xiphoid process located:
At the level of T10 or T9-10 interspace
34
The umbilicus located at the level of:
L3-4 interspace of the lumbar spine
35
The iliac crest located:
At the level of L4-L5
36
The greater trochanter located:
same level of symphysis pubis
37
What is the same level of the symphysis pubis?
Greater trochanter
38
For a Lateral C-spine what are you seeing?
zygopophyseal joints superimposed (no intervertebral foramina)
39
a. Left Posterior Oblique Position
b. Left Anterior Oblique Position
c. Right Anterior Oblique Position
d. Right Posterior Oblique Position
40
24/7 36/5 immobilization devices that the technologist can use:
Sand bags, compression bands, sponges, draw sheets, adhesive tape, pig-O-stat.
41
Devices or custom built devices are commonly used for pediatric or limited population departments
"Pig-O-stat"
42
Glabellomeatal line (GML)
Orbitomeatal line (OML)
Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)
Acanthiomeatal line (AML)
Lipsmeatal line (LML)
Mentomeatal line (MML)
External Acoustic Meatus (EAM)
43
The patient had his or her hands taped against their will:
Illegal restraint
44
The only person that can order a restraint device is the:
Physician
You can lose your license if you do so
45
As a technologist if you choose to angle the tube 30 degrees caudally for an AP Axial projection of the skull, then we position the:
OML Perpendicular
46
As a technologist if you choose to angle the tube 37 degrees caudally for the AP Axial Projection of the skull then we position the:
IOML perpendicular
47
A patient has trauma to the anterior surface of the ribs. What you should do as a technologist?
Put them in a PA Projection and put the surface in contact with the IR
48
If you want to demonstrate the best detail of the clavicle:
Put them in the PA Projection
49
Which of the following projections should a longitudinal arch of the foot be preformed routinely?
Lateromedial Projection
50
If I patient has a sinus headache what should you do as a technologist?
Ask them “patient what side are you hurting on, left side pain left side against”
51
When you preform an AP Axial Projection of what bone of the skull is in contact with the IR?
Occipital Bone
OR
Occipital Position
52
If you as a technologist are doing the AP Axial Projection 30 or 37 degrees of the skull what is the point of demonstration/criteria/purpose?
Project Dorsum cella and posterior clinoids directly through the foramen magnum
53
If the patient is lying down on their left ear the MSP is:
Parallel to the IR
Or
Parallel to the table
54
If the patient is lying down on their left ear the IP is:
Perpendicular
55
For a lateral projection of the skull the CR enters:
Perpendicular to the IR
5cm Superior to the EAM
2 inches x 2.5= 5 cm
1inch= 2.5 cm
56
PA Axial Projection of the skull CR:
(caldwell) 15 degrees caudad to exit the nasion
MSP and OML perpendicular to the IR
57
Where can you find the Petrous ridges in the PA Axial Projection?
Lower 1/3 of the orbits
58
Where can you find the Petrous ridges in the PA Projection of the skull?
Completely fill the orbits
59
On the PA projection what is in contact with the IR?
Nose and Forehead
OML perpendicular
60
SMV (full basal) line ______ to the IR:
IOML parallel to the IR
CR is perpendicular
61
A patient is elderly and cannot lean head all the way back, what do you do?
Unspecified Cephalic angle of the tube
62
Relationship between the IOML and the IR for SMV:
Parallel
63
Not flexible patient, the relationship between the CR is always __________ to what baseline of the SMV?
Perpendicular to the IOML
64
The IOML is positioned if flexible:
Parallel to the CR
65
THE CR IS _______ to what baseline (not flexible)
Perpendicular to the IOML
66
For the Lateral Skull the MSP is:
Parallel to the IR
67
For the Lateral skull the IPL is:
Perpendicular to the IR
68
The CR for a Lateral Skull:
Perpendicular to the IR to a point 5cm superior to the EAM
69
Facial bone views should be done _____ whenever possible to demonstrate air fluid levels.
Upright
70
Lateral Facial Bone CR enters:
halfway between the outercanthus and the EAM at the zygoma
71
Parietocanthial Projection (facial bones) :
MSP and MML perpendicular to IR
(neck is hyperextended so the OML forms a 37 degree with the IR)
72
How many degrees does the OML baseline form with the plane of the IR in the parietocanthial projection?
37 degrees*
73
PA Axial Caldwell:
15 degrees caudal to exit the nasion*
74
Parietocanthial projection CR exits:
Acanthion*
75
Where can you find the petrous ridges in the Parietocanthial projection?
The floor to the maxillary sinuses
(Completely below)
Inferior to the maxillary sinuses
76
PA modified Parietocanthial baseline:
OML forms a 55 degree angle with the plane of the IR*
77
What is the blow out fracture?
Fracture of the inferior orbital rim
78
Which of the following procedures will best demonstrate the blow out fracture of the orbit? Inferior orbital rim fracture.
Modified Parietocanthial projection*
79
What structures/anatomy make up a blowout fracture (fracture of inferior orbital rim)?
Zygomatic Arch
Zygoma
Maxilla
Palatine
80
Axio-lateral oblique (closed mouth)
81
Identify the image:
Lateral Flexion View of C-Spine
82
Identify the image:
Lateral Extension View of the C-Spine.
83
Identify the Image
External Oblique of the Elbow
84
Identify the Image
Internal Oblique of the Elbow
85
For the temporomandibular Joints the CR is angled:
25 degrees cephalic total angle
86
What is the CR for the axiolaterial oblique mandible?
CR directed 25 degrees Cephalic through the mandibular ramus closest to the IR.
87
As an operator if you place the patients head in a true lateral position tempomandibular joints then the point of demonstration of the mandible is:
Ramus
88
If you rotate the patient 30 degrees toward the IR the point of demonstration for the mandible is?
The body
89
If you rotate the face 45 degrees toward the IR (mandible) the point of demonstration is:
Mental Point (symphysis)
90
TMJ (Temporalmandibular Joints) routine should always be done:
With both open and closed mouth views
91
The Parietocanthial projection will demonstrate:
the Nasal Septum
92
The lateral nasal bone is to be done:
Table top
Bilateral for comparison
MSP parallel
IP perpendicular
CR 3/4 inch (2cm) below the nasion
93
Image on the left:
Image on the right:
Left: AP
Right: PA
(orbit size is larger because of OID)
94
Lateral Skull
Looking at the sella turcica (saddle)
2 inches above EAM
When would you use cross table lateral? Truama
95
PA Haas Method
OR
Reverse Townes
Helpful for Kyphotic Patients
96
The lateral facial bone projection shows:
Nasal Bone
97
How many septum’s do you have and nasal bones?
Right and left septum and one nasal bone
98
Paranasal Sinuses are to be done in what position?
Erect or Upright Position
99
What is the purpose of performing paranasal sinuses in the erect position?
Show air fluid levels
100
How many vertebrae are in this lateral c-spine?
7 (if you do not see the T1 articulation) what do you do next? lateral cervical projection
101
102
The only time you can demonstrate all four sets of sinuses at one time is through the:
Lateral paranasal sinuses projection
103
PA Axial projection for paranasal sinuses best demonstrates:
Frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses
104
The PA Axial Projection, what sinuses are best demonstrated?
Frontal and anterior ethmoids
105
On the Parietocanthial projection what sinuses are best demonstrated?
The maxillary sinuses demonstrated free of superimposition
106
When preforming the open mouth perietocanthial what sinus is projected through the open mouth?
Sphenoid is demonstrated directly through the open mouth
107
The CR for the AP Axial Cervical Spine:
CR is angled 15-20 degrees Cephalic to the level of C4
40 inch SID
108
What is the purpose of the angular ion of the tube for the AP axial Cervical Spine?
Help open up the intervertebral disk spaces (joint spaces)
109
15-20 degrees Cephalic angulation on the Axial C-Spine, what is its purpose?
To open up the intervertebral joint spaces
110
What demonstrates the C1-2 relationship? (Pivot head back and forth)?
AP Open Mouth (Odontoid)
111
With the mouth wide open the occlusal plane is:
Perpendicular
112
Define occlusal plane:
Imaginary line drawn from the upper incisors (the biting surface of the teeth) to the tip of the mastoid or base of the skull
113
The occlusal plane is:
Perpendicular
114
If the base of the skull are superimposed on the AP open Mouth (odontoid) how do you fix it?
Place the chin closest to the chest (flexion) flex the head and neck
115
If you look at an examination and you see that the teeth are superimposing the odontoid process? How do you fix it?
Extend the head and neck. Raise the chin up (extension)
116
What do you do to the head and neck to fix this?
Extend the head and neck
117
How do you fix this?
Flex the head and neck
118
If you see the base of the skull is superimposed on top of the odontoid process:
Flex the head and neck
119
If you see the teeth are superimposed on top of the odontoid process:
Extend the head and neck
120
Lateral C-Spine SID:
Performed with 180 cm
Counteracts magnification, decrease OID
121
Can you count on a lateral C-Spine (C8) articulation. If you count and are missing the T-1 articulation (C-8). What do you do next?
Lateral cervical thoracic projection. Look to use hand weights to relax the shoulders and pull down in order to see the area.
122
If a patient comes in immobilized on a spine board as a technologist what are we going to do?
Horizontal beam lateral
Properly get it cleared by the attending physician
123
Anterior obliques positions (back to the c-ray tube) of the cervical spine best demonstrates the:
Intervertebral foramina closest to the IR
124
If the patient is facing the x-ray tube for a Anterior oblique cervical spine angle the tube:
15-20 degrees cuadad directed to the level of C4
-angle down, face down, side down
125
If the patient is in a Posterior oblique position for the cervical spine, what angle is the tube?
15-20 degrees cephalad to the level of C4
Face up, angle up, side up
126
Posterior Obliques of the cervical spine best demonstrates:
The foramina farthest from the IR
127
AP and PA Axial Obliques of the C-Spine best demonstrates:
The intervertebral foramina
128
If the patient is in a posterior oblique position (AP oblique projection) (when the patient is facing the tube) of the cervical spine. What angle?
15-20 caudad CR directed to the level of C4
BEST DEMONSTRATES UPSIDE
129
If the patients back is to the x-ray tube for a cervical spine, (anterior oblique position) what angle?
15-20 Cephalic angle
BEST DEMONSTRATES DOWN SIDE
130
When you do obliques of the spine C,T,L:
C best demonstrates: intervertebral foramina furthest to the IR
T best demonstrates zygo furthest to the IR
L best demonstrates zygo closest to the IR
131
When the patient is in the RPO Position facing the tube for the cervical spine best demonstrates:
Intervertebral foramina that is furthest from the IR
132
When the patient is in the RPO Position facing the x ray tube, the T-Spine best demonstrates:
The zygo furthest from the IR
133
In an RPO of the lumbar spine you best demonstrate:
Zygo closest to the IR
134
FFC (Fresh fried chicken)
Furthest furthest closest
135
When the patient had their back to the x-ray tube:
Anterior oblique position
PA oblique projection
136
On the anterior oblique positions PA oblique projections you best demonstrate:
Closest intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine
Closest zygo in the thoracic spine
Furthest zygo in the lumbar spine
(CRISPY CRUNCHY FRIES) CCF
137
When the patient is facing the tube what do we use?
Fresh fried chicken
138
When the patients back is to the tube:
CCF CRISPY CRUNCHY FRIES
139
Whose arm is up on the swimmers?
The arm closest to the IR
140
Which arm is down on the swimmers?
The arm closest to the tube
141
What is best demonstrated on the lateral swimmers?
Shows the cervical thoracic area or region
142
For the AP thoracic spine the CR:
Directed perpendicular to the IR to the level of T7 (inferior angle of the scapula)
143
Who’s part of the tube should be placed over the upper portion of the T-Spine?
Anode
144
What part of the tube should be placed over the lower part of the T-Spine?
Cathode
145
Lateral breathing and lateral expiration of the T-Spine CR:
Perpendicular to the IR at the level of T7
146
Which of the following examinations would require the use of a breathing technique?
1. Lateral T-Spine
2. AP projection of the Scapula
3. Transthoracic lateral for the proximal humerus and shoulder (Lawrence method)
4. Soft tissue neck
147
How do you reduce the ESE to the vitally sensitive organs?
Put them in the PA projection, turn the back to the beam
148
Definition of Scoliosis:
Abnormal lateral or side to side curvature of the spine
149
When the patient flexed the knees, what is the purpose?
1. Reduce the normal lordotic curvature
2. open up the joint (intervertebral) spaces
150
The CR for the lumbar spine?
Transversely at the top of the iliac crest (L4-L5) interspace
(Biggest cassette)
151
The CR for a lumbar spine if downsize the cassette?
Transversely 2.5 cm above the crest
152
The lumbar spine best demonstrates:
The heights of the lumbar vertebral bodies and intervertebral disk spaces
153
Definition of spondylotisthesis:
Forward displacement of one vertebra on top of another vertebra
154
Which of the following will best demonstrate the presence of spondylotisthesis?
L5-S1 Spot
Lateral
155
On an average male angle the tube: (L5-S1 spot lateral)
3-5 degrees caudally
156
On an average female (L5-S1 Spot) angle the tube:
5-8 degrees caudally
157
When the patient is on the back AP oblique projection lumbar spine (posterior oblique position) best demonstrates?
Zygopophyseal closest to the IR
158
The only time you can see a Scotty dog is through the?
Oblique of the lumbar spine
159
Pedicle of the Scotty dog:
Eye
160
Superior articular process of the Scotty dog?
Ear
161
The transverse process of the Scotty dog is the:
Nose
162
The neck of the Scotty dog is called the:
Pars Interacticularis
163
The front foot of the Scotty dog is:
The inferior articulating process
164
The back foot of the Scotty dog?
Inferior articular process of the opposite side
165
label D
Pedical
166
A?
Superior
Articular
Process
167
E?
Transverse Process
168
B?
zygapophyseal Joint
169
C?
Pars Interarticularis
170
The body of the Scotty dog?
Lamina and spinous process
171
The tail of the Scotty dog is the:
Superior articular process of the other side
172
The patient is lying on their back in an AP Axial Projection of the sacrum what is the angle of the tube?
15 degrees Cephalic alone the MSP to a point midway between the ASIS and symphysis pubis
173
When the patient is prone for an AP axial projection of the sacrum what is the angle of the tube?
CR is 15 Caudual along the MSP to a point midway between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis
174
The patient is lying on their back for the AP Axial coccyx what is the CR?
CR is angled 10 degrees caudad along the MSP to a point 5cm (2 inch) superior to the symphysis pubis
175
If the patient is prone for the AP axial coccyx what is the CR?
CR angled 10 degrees Cephalic along the MSP to a point 2 inches or (5 cm) superior to the symphysis pubis
176
What is a myeologram?
Sterile procedure done under fluoroscopic conditions
177
Where do you inject for a myeologram?
Contrast media is administered via spinal puncture into the subarachnoid space (intrathecal injection)
178
What does intrathecally refer to?
within the spinal canal
179
For a myelogram the preferred site of spinal puncture is:
L3-4 interspace
180
Primary pathology for myelogram is HNP stands for
herniated nucleus pulposus
181
Conus medullaris
lower border of L1 must inject lower than this level
182
Water soluble contrast is deposited into the:
Subarachnoid space
183
Primary purpose of performing a myelography is:
HNP (herniated nucleus pulpous)
Slipped disk
184
Sacroiliac Joints. When the patient is placed in a 25-30 degree posterior oblique position the CR:
1 inch (2.5 cm) medial to the upside ASIS
185
1 inch medial to ASIS
SI joint
186
Myelogram. Never inject into the body inject:
Below L1
187
When the patient is placed in a 25-30 posterior oblique. The CR will enter 1 inch medial to the upside ASIS, best demonstrated is the:
SI joint farthest from the IR
188
A patient is in an 25-30 degree anterior oblique and the CR is entering 1 inch medial to the ASIS, what is it best demonstrating?
The SI joint closest to the IR
189
The CR for an AP hip:
Perpendicular to the IR 6 cm distal to the midpoint of the line drawn between the symphysis pubis and the ASIS
190
For the AP hip the leg is rotated:
Internally 15 degrees
191
You have done the AP hip no obvious fracture is indentified, move on to the frog leg lateral? How many degrees from vertical is the leg abducted?
40-45 from vertical
192
You have done the AP hip, there is an obvious fracture and dislocation identified. Which of the following will take the place of the frog leg lateral?
Danelius-Miller Method
Cross table lateral hip
193
On a cross table lateral (horizontal beam) the CR is:
Perpendicular to the femoral neck and IR
194
The patient is lying on their back, the unaffected leg is up and out of the way, and you are shooting through the x-ray tube,neck, IR
Parallel
But the CR is perpendicular to the femoral neck
195
A patient presents with a bilateral hip fracture, what do you do?
Axiolateral Inferosuperior trauma (Clement’s-Nakayama)
Patient lies supine with lower limbs in neutral position
196
What is the axiolateral inferosuperior (Clements-Nakayama) preformed for?
Bilateral hip fractures
197
innominate bone consists of:
Ilium iscium pubis
Right innominate bone and Left innominate bone
198
What part of the innominate bone is formed by all three innominate bones ilium, ischium, and pubis?
Acetabulum
199
What bares the weight of the body while a person is sitting down?
Iscial tuberosity
200
AP pelvis both feet and legs are:
Internally rotated 15-20 degree to overcome the anti- version of the femoral necks (feet are straight up neck are foreshortened)
201
CR for an AP pelvis?
Perpendicular to the MSP to a point (5 cm) superior to the symphysis pubis
202
If you see a picture of a pelvis and the lesser trochanters are obvious how are you going to fix that?
rotate the feet 15-20 toward the midline
203
On the AP pelvis, axial anterior pelvic bone Inlet projection CR:
Directed 40 caudad to the MSP and entering the body at the level of the ASIS
204
The most common patients for scoliosis series?
Teenagers
205
AP pelvis, axial anterior pelvic bone outlet projection (Taylor Method) male range when the patient is supine:
20-35 cephalic
206
PA vs. AP for breast tissue for scoliosis purpose?
Breast tissue dose is decreased with PA
207
Scoliosis series is done with what SID?
150-180 cm
207
What is wrong with this image?
They did not center correctly, cutting off the back of the spinous processes. CR is too anterior.
208
Uses a block to elevate the hip on the convex side (scoliosis)
Ferguson Method
209
Measurement tool for radiologists:
Cobb Method
210
Outlet projection (Taylor method) for female supine range:
30 to 45 degrees
211
Hysterosalingogram demonstrates:
patency (openness) of the filopian tube
May be diagnostic or Therapeutic tool
Primary indication is infertility
Performed with OBGYN
Kink in fallipian tube (could straighten it out)
Endometriosis ( egg is having trouble in transport system)
Ectopic pregnancy (tubal pregnancy)
Egg is having trouble being fertilized
212
Why do you do a PA chest erect at 180 cm SID?
To reduce heart magnification
213
What is the purpose of performing a chest in an erect position?
Show air fluid levels
214
The CR for an AP or PA chest upright?
Perpendicular to the IR at the level of T7 (inferior angle of the scapula)
215
“Patient take a deep breath in blow it out and take another deep breath in and hold it, please don’t breathe”
Exposure taken at the end of a second deep full inspiration for the chest x-ray
216
The proper breathing command for a chest?
Second deep full inspiration
217
Look at an image. Identify a specific letter or number or choose on a hotpot:
Right apex
Left costerphrenic angle,
Right 6th posterior rib
Right Hilar region
Aortic arch
218
When evaluating a routine PA projection of the chest to look for rotation all of the following are true except:
Medial ends of the clavicle to equal distance from the spine (yes)
Scapula rotated outside of the lung field (yes)
Shoulders rolled forward (yes)
9-10 anterior ribs below the diaphragm *** (no posterior)
219
Can you look at a lateral chest and see if it is rotated?
Yes or no
220
Put the following in order from anterior to posterior:
Esophagus
Spine
Trachea
Heart
Anterior to posterior
Heart
Trachea
Esophagus
Spine
221
Put the following in order from posterior to anterior:
Spine
Esophagus
Trachea
Heart
222
What is the purpose of performing the chest in the AP lordotic position?
Showing the apices without superimposition
223
The AP lordotic chest may be performed:
With the patient standing vertically against the IR with the CR angled 15-20 degrees Cephalic or come in horizontal and the patient arches their back
224
AP supine chest disadvantage:
Lose air fluid levels (yes)
Create cardiomegaly (yes)
225
The patient comes in and can’t stand or is in the ICU or ICCU the endotracheal tube.
226
Conus medullaris
Lower border of L1, must inject lower than this level
227
Cisternal puncture
Between Atlanto-occipital joint space
228
What does HNP stand for?
Herniated nucleus purposus
229
The endotracheal tube (ET) should not extend past the level of:
Carina
230
The main stem bronchus bifurcates at the level of:
Carina
231
At what level does the carina bifercate?
T5-T5 6 interspace
232
What main stem bronchus is higher and more vertical?
The right side
233
How high above should the ET tube be placed above the level of the carina?
The tip of the tube should stop above 5cm above the level of the bifurcation (carina) T5 or sternal angle
234
If you want to demonstrate the where the air is in the lateral decubitus?
Put that side of the lung up
235
If you want to best demonstrate the fluid in the lung: (pleural effusion)
Put that side of the lung down
236
If you best want to demonstrate a right sided pleural effusion, which decubitus would you preform?
Right side down
237
If you best want to demonstrate a right sided pneumothorax which decubitus would you preform?
Left lateral decubitus
238
Which of the following would best take the place of air fluid levels if the patient can’t sit or stand erect?
Right lateral
Left lateral decubitus
Decubitus
239
AP or PA ribs above the diaphragm:
Upright on inspiration
240
AP or PA ribs below the diaphragm:
Upright and on expiration
241
Posterior and Anterior oblique rib:
45 degree rotation of the body
242
When the patient is facing the x-ray tube and it’s an AP oblique projection (posterior oblique position) RPO and LPO best demonstrate:
RPO: Right axillary portion of the ribs
LPO: Left axillary portion of the rib
243
Which of the following two obliques will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the ribs?
LPO position
RAO position
244
Why do you preform the obliques for the ribs to demonstrate:
Axillary portion
Lateral margin
245
Perform the lateral sternum with what SID?
180 cm (72 inches)
246
How do you counteract OID?
Increase SID (reduce magnification)
247
The very top of the sternum is called:
Manubrium
248
The body of the sternum is the:
Gladiolus
249
Tip of the zyphoid process
250
If you have a smaller patient how do you oblique the patient for an RAO sternum breathing technique?
20 degrees
251
If you have a bigger patient how do you oblique the patient for an RAO sternum breathing technique?
15 degrees
252
What is the purpose of preforming the sternum in the RAO position?
Project the sternum through the homogenous heart shadow
253
Which chest x-ray is used for active TB?
AP Axial Chest (AP lordotic)
254
Valsalva maneuver:
Patient bear down like you are going to have a bowel movement
255
What is the single most common reason the valsalva maneuver is preformed?
Inner ear infection
Esophagial Varices
Hiatal Hernia
256
KUB stands for:
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
257
the spongy cancellous bone separating the inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull
Diploe
258
The name of the lines that separate the regions or planes of the body:
Addison's planes
259
X-Axis
Left to Right, Sagittal
260
Y-axis
Front to Back, Coronal
261
z axis
head to toe, axial/transverse
262
Elbow with the hand pronated, medial oblique of the elbow
3. coronoid process in profile
263
When the patient flexes the knees for the AP supine (KUB) what does that do?
Makes the patient feel more comfortable
Opens up the joint spaces and reduces normal lordotic curvature
264
AP supine (KUB) CR:
Perpendicular to the MSP to the level of the iliac crest
265
AP Supine (KUB) breathing instructions
Full Expiration
“Patient blow all of your air out, please don’t breathe”
266
Identify the right psoas muscle, left SI joint, top of the crest, body of L3. On an image
Identify
267
The head of the pancreas on a normal body habitus is located?
RUQ
268
The body’s and the tail of the pancreas on a normal body habitus?
LUQ
269
How many regions of the body do we have?
9 regions
270
RUQ anatomy:
Majority of the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, right super adrenal gland, hepatic flexure
271
Where is the majority of the stomach located? (Quadrant)
LUQ
272
What quadrant is the appendix located in?
RLQ
273
When you do erect abdomens you are looking for:
Free intraperitoneal air
Free intraabdominal air
Free air under the diaphragm
274
What is the most important anatomy to demonstrate when performing the erect abdomen?
The entire diaphragm
275
Whenever you want to show air fluid levels the relationship between the x-ray tube (beam) and the floor:
Tube Parallel
Horizontal
276
For an AP upright abdomen the IR:
Is centered approximately 2-3 inches (5-8 cm) above the level of the iliac crest because you are trying to get the entire diaphragm
277
For the abdomen always do ______ when considering air fluid levels, air will rise to right.
LLD
Left Lateral Decubitus
Recumbent LLD
278
If the patient can not sit or stand erect which of the following would take its place?
Left lateral decubitus of the abdomen
279
Upper rib pain is ribs:
1-7
280
Lower rib pain is ribs:
8-12
281
What is the minimum time a patient needs to be in a decubitus?
5 minutes
282
Part of the alimentary canal:
Esophagus
283
If you better want to evaluate the esophageal wall like the lining of the esophagus:
Use thick barium suspension
284
What is the best way to demonstrate the esophageal varices?
Trendelenburg
Supine
Recumbent
285
A thick barium suspension is used to demonstrate:
Esophageal wall
286
The gastric folds of the stomach are called:
Rugae
287
Which of the following will best demonstrate the deodunal bulb c-loop?
RAO
288
Hiatal hernia:
A portion of the stomach balloons into the diaphragm
289
Which of the following will best demonstrate the presence of hiatal hernia?
Trendelenburg
290
In a dual contrast study when the patient is supine and in the LPO position:
Barium in the fundus of the stomach
291
In a dual contrast study when the patient is prone or in the prone oblique (RAO) the patient will have:
Air in the fundus
292
Give you a dual contrast study, which examination are you dealing with? Picture.
RAO
Supine
Etc.
not a question
293
Which of the following are timed examinations?
Small Bowel
IVU
KUB
LLD of abdomen
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
294
I’m a left lateral decubitus the patient should hold position for:
Five full minutes
295
What is the shortest portion of the small bowel?
Duodenum
296
What is the largest potion of the small bowel?
Ileum
297
All of the following are parts of the of the small bowel except:
Ilium
Ileum
Jejunum (feathery appearance of the bowel)
Duodenum
Ilium (iliac crest) does not belong
298
When is a small bowel series considered to be complete?
Illeocecal
Cecum
Terminal ileum (TI)
Large Intenstine
Ascending Colon (DO NOT PICK THIS ONE)
299
Feathery appearance of the bowel
Jejunum
300
The flow of the barium enema:
Cecum
Vermaform
Ascending
Descending
Hepatic Flexture
Transverse Colon
Splenic flexture
Etc, (look up!!)
301
Which of the following will best demonstrate the presence of/which of the following pathologies would be most enhanced/best demonstrated with the use of a double contrast study?
Polyps
302
Lying down in the enema tipping position known as the:
Sims position
303
How do positions the enema tip?
Inserted 2-3 inches (5-8 cm)
Directed anteriorly and superiority upon passage of the rectal opening
304
Head is lower than the feet
Trendelenburg
305
Patients feet are elevated
Fowlers
306
Right side down in a right lateral decubitus, best going to demonstrate:
Medial portion of the ascending
Lasteral portion of the descending
307
Left side down in a left lateral decubitus demonstrates:
Medial side of the descending colon
Lateral side of the ascending colon
308
Obliques for a BE the point of demonstration is always the:
Flexture
309
In a posterior oblique position (LPO) for a BE you best demonstrate:
Up side Flexture
Hepatic Flexture
310
If you do the RPO position you best donstrate the:
Splenic Flexure and the descending colon
311
Which two obliques will best demonstrate the splenic Flexture when performing a BE
RPO
LAO
312
AP axial (sigmoid) or supine in the butterfly requires a CR:
30-40 degrees cephalic
313
PA Axial (sigmoid) (butterfly) prone CR:
30-40 degrees caudad
314
What is the purpose of performing the axial sigmoid?
To show the rectosigmoid area or region without significant superimposition
315
Post-evacuation
Bowel the last image on the BE
316
Post-Void
Last image on the urinary system such as an IVU/Cystogram
317
Which of the following examinations will be performed in a retrograde study?
BE
ERCP
(Goes against the flow)
Done in fluoro
Done in the department
318
What is your access point when performing an ERCP?
The duodenal (duodenum) papilla
319
Non-functional procedure that evaluates the contours and anatomical structure of the urinary bladder
Cystography (Cystogram)
320
Requires a 150 to 500 mL of contrast media administered by gravity in a retrograde fashion into the bladder using a Foley catheter
Retrograde Cystogram
321
AP/AP Axial Cystogram
Supine legs fully extended
CR directed 2 inches (5cm) superior to the symphysis pubis with a 10-15 caudal tube angle
Demonstrates signs of reflux, obstruction, cystitis, and calculi
322
Esophagus anatomy study!!
Upper esophagus, pharynx
323
The involuntary construction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward
Peristalsis
324
Unintended inhalation of fluid or solid material
Aspiration
325
Swallowing distinction patients (CINE)
Speech pathologist
Uses video fluoroscopy
Stroke patients
326
For compression of the abdomen and bowel images are performed:
Prone
327
Single contrast study includes: and shows:
BA only, anatomy and muscle contraction
328
Double contrast BE uses: shows:
Gas and Ba
Defects in mucosal lining and intraluminal lesions
329
Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) for male
30 RPO while voiding
330
When performing a Cystogram or voiding cystourethrogram what makes it functional?
Fill bladder up image it and continue to image as the patient goes
331
A Cystogram and voiding cystourethrogram can both commonly be performed to rule out
reflux of the uterus in children
332
When performing a 25-30 degree posterior oblique position best demonstrate:
The up side kidney because it is parallel in profile (right)
Downside ureter
333
What is the purpose of performing a retrograde urography? Retrograde study for the urinary system?
Trying to evaluate any filling defects!
334
Know your anatomy for extremity. Hand foot wrist elbow knee shoulder!
335
Foot CR (AP or AP axial)
Perpendicular 10 degrees posteriorly to the base of the third metatarsal (10 degree cephalic) 10 degrees posterior, 10 degrees proximally
336
In the foot you have:
14 phalanges
Great toe: IP
*know anatomy
337
When performing a medial oblique of the foot the plantar surface forms a ______ angle with plane of the IR.
30 degree angle
338
When you oblique the foot the plantar surface forms a ______ angle with the IR
30 degree
339
On the medial oblique of the foot we best demonstrate:
Lateral structures
340
When you do a lateral oblique of the foot you best demonstrate:
Medial Structures
341
All of the following structures are best demonstrated on the medial oblique of the foot except:
Base of the fifth metatarsal
Cuboid
3rd cuneiform
1st cuneiform
1st cuneiform
342
On a 30 degree oblique you best demonstrate on a lateral oblique of the foot except:
1st cuneiform
2nd cuneiform
Nuvicular
Cuboid
Cuboid
343
Which of the following will best demonstrate the longitudinal arch of the foot?
Perform it in the lateral weight bearing method
344
How should you routinely perform a longitudinal arch of the foot?
Lateromedial projection
345
Dorsiflexion (hyperflexion)
90 degrees angle where the foot and the tib fib make a 90 degree angle
346
Axial calcanious plantodorsal CR:
CR is angled 40 degree to the long axis of the foot angering the level of the base of the 3rd metatarsal
347
The patient is seated on the table thier leg is placed on the table and their foot is hyperflexed, the CR enters with a 40 degree angular ion of the base of the 3rd matatarsal. Described:
Axial calcaneous (plantodorsal)
348
The CR enters the dorsal surface of the ankle at 40 degrees caudad angle to the center of the IR, the patient is prone, the ankle is on sandbags and the ankle is dorsiflexed:
Dorsoplantar axial calcaneous
349
AP Ankle:
Knee is fully extended with the ankle placed in a dorsiflexion position, foot is flexed 90 degrees to the long axis of the lower leg
CR is directed perpendicular to the IR to the mid-malleolar region
350
Where does the AP ankle CR enter?
Mid malleolar region
351
How many degrees do you oblique the part for the AP oblique mortise of the ankle?
15-20 degrees toward the midline
352
Mortise joint:
Wood work joint
Open joint space of the tibia, fibula, and talus
353
What is the purpose of performing AP projection (stress) images of the ankle?
After an Inversion/Eversion injury for a ligamous tear
354
Who stresses the joint for the AP (stress) projection for the Ankle?
The physician
(The technologist NEVER stresses the tear)
355
Which is the weight bearing bone?
Tibula
356
Which is the non- weight bearing bone of the lower leg?
Fibula
357
Which bone projects down more distally? The Tibula or Fibula?
The Fibula
358
The Tibia is in relationship to the Fibula:
Medial and anterior
359
The fibula is ____; and _____ to the Tibia.
Lateral and posterior
360
You have a long bone and both joints to demonstrate, clinically what do we do with the SID? How do we turn the cassette
Increase
Turn cassette Diagonally
361
Know the anatomy of the knee:
Femoral condyles
Medial and lateral
Interconbuka eminences (tibial spine)
362
The CR of the AP knee is:
1/2 below the patellar apex
363
Anytime an anatomical part (thin pelvis) for an AP knee measures 19cm or less:
3-5 degree caudal angulation
364
Anytime an average pelvis for an AP knee is 19-24 cm we angle the tube?
Perpendicular
365
Anytime we have a large pelvis greater than 24 cm, we angle the tube: (AP knee)
3-5 degrees Cephalad
366
The anatomical part for the lateral knee is:
Flexed 20-30 degrees
367
When you place a 5-7 chephalic angulation on the lateral knee the purpose is to:
Superimpose the condyles and epicondyles
368
Be able to look for rotation for the knee on an image
Abductor tubercle
(Look at the relationship between the proximal Tib and Fib) when they start to seperate from eachother you are overrotated. If the area is more superimposed underrotated
369
Which of the following will best demonstrate the:
Meniscus
joint spaces
cartilage and it’s joint spaces
Arthritis
Bilateral AP weight bearing knees
370
When you perform a 45 degree medial oblique of the knee what is best being demonstrated?
Shows the proximal tibia and fibula joint spaces without superimposition
371
The patient is kneeling on all fours lean forward 20 degree and it’s a 70 degree angle and the CR enters
perpendicular
PA axial intercondylar fossa (Hombland)
372
If you are going to demonstrate the intercondylar follsa (tunnel view) the CR must always maintain a relationship:
Perpendicular to the Tibia and Fibula
Perpendicular to the lower leg
373
The lateral patella demonstrates:
Transverse fractures
374
Prone flexion 90 degree (settagas) demonstrates:
Vertical fractures
375
When a patient presents with a perforation (gastrografin gastroview):
Water soluble
376
A tangential projection (Merchant) (Settegast) of the patella is not to be performed until you rule out what type of fracture from the lateral?
Transverse Fracture
377
A tangential projection demonstrates (prone projection known as the settegast) what type of fracture?
Verticals
378
The fingers PA of the entire hand CR:
Directed perpendicular to the 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint
379
The 1st, 2nd, 3rd digit you get what type of rotation?
Medial rotation
380
4th and 5th digits rotation?
Lateromedial
381
When performing a routine lateral do the second digit what projection is this being performed in?
Mediolateral
382
When performing a routine lateral do the fifth digit what projection is this being performed in?
Lateromedial projection
383
When performing a routine lateral of the second digit what bone of the forearm is touching the IR:
Radius
384
When performing a routine lateral of the fifth digit what bone of the forearm is touching the IR:
Ulna
385
When positioning a hand in the PA projection the thumb sits in:
Natural oblique
386
The PA projection of the Hand the CR enters:
Perpendicular to the base of the 3rd MCP joint
387
The distal aspect of each digit is called a:
Distal Tuft
Thumb: IP
Other digits: DIP PIP
Heads of metacarpals anatomy
Wrist anatomy
388
Which of the filling will best demonstrate a A foreign body in the hand:
Lateral and finger extension
389
When performing a routine fan lateral of the hand will the:
radius and ulna be superimposed
Carpals and metacarpals be superimposed
Phalanges
Yes
Yes
No (phalanges without superimposition)
390
Know wrist Antony
Proximal row thumb side: scaphoid, triquettum, pisiform, trapezium, capitate, hamate
Distal row thumb side
Some lovers try positions they can not handle
391
Where is the scaphoid in relationship to pisiform?
Lateral
392
Where is the scaphoid in relationship to hamate?
Proximal and Lateral
393
What is the most commonly fractured carpal of all?
Scaphoid
394
What is the largest carpal of all?
395
Why do we flex the fingers?
Reduces the OID and helps to demonstrate the anatomy better
396
Which of the following will best demonstrate the intecarpal spaces?
The AP projection wrist
397
Any scaphoid view requires the hand to be in:
Ulnar deviation
Scaphoid without as much foreshortening and as much superimposition
398
Stetcher method:
Elevate the part 20 degrees while the hand is in ulnar devaition
Angling the CR toward the elbow
399
Tangential Carpal Canal (tunnel) (Gaynor-Hart) CR:
Directed to the palm of the hand approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) distal to the base of the 3rd metacarpal at an angle of 25-30 degrees to the long axis of the hand
400
What is the name of the nerve that gets inpenged (pressed upon) in carpal tunnel syndrome that causes all the pain?
Median Nerve
401
An AP forearm the epicondylar line is of the elbow is:
Positioned parallel to the IR
402
In a lateral forearm the humerus:
Placed in the same plane as the forearm
403
Lateral forearm the epicondylar line is:
Perpendicular to the IR
404
Forearm AP the hand is:
Supinated with the elbow fully extended
405
When performing the forearm, why do we do the forearm in the AP projection and not the PA?
overlap of the radius and ulna if done in PA
406
Lateral forearm the elbow is:
Flexed 90 degrees with the hand and wrist placed in true lateral position
407
What is the medial bone of the forearm?
Ulna
408
What is the lateral bone of the forearm?
Radius (thumb side)
409
Know the elbow anatomy.
As the humorous distends it fits into the notch (trochlear notch)
Olecranon
Olecranon process (keeps from hyperextending that fits into the fossa)
410
For the AP elbow the hand is:
Supinated with the elbow completely extended
411
What part of the distal humerous will articulate with the:
Ulna (trochlea)
Radius (capitulum)
412
For the lateral elbow the elbow is flexed:
90 degrees with the hand and wrist in true lateral position
413
The lateral elbow the epicondylar line is positioned:
Perpendicular to the IR
414
Th lateral elbow the humerus is:
On the same plane as the forearm
415
Which of the following will best demonstrate fat pad displacement?
Lateral Elbow
416
The CR for the lateral elbow:
Perpendicular to the elbow joint
417
Which of the following will best demonstrate the Olecranon/processin profile?
Lateral Elbow
418
Show an image which one is an oblique elbow.
Yes or no
419
On an external oblique of the elbow you best demonstrate:
Radial head with no superimposition over the ulna and capitulum
420
The medial oblique of the elbow best demonstrates:
The Olecranon as it articulated with the fossa and the coronoid process free of superimposition
421
If the patient cannot fully extend the arm:
Two views must be taken
One with the humerus parallel and one with the forearm parallel
422
On the AP projection of the humerous is shows:
Greater tubercle in profile laterally
423
Where can you find the lesser tubercle in profile?
Lateral non-trauma humerus
424
For a scapular Y view PA oblique if the shoulder how much do you oblique the patient?
45-60 degree oblique
425
If the head of the humerous is seated over the base of the Y:
Not dislocated
426
If the head of the humerous is seated underneath the Coracoid:
Anteriorly displaced
427
If the head of the humerous sits below the acromium:
Posterior displaced
428
The transthoracic lateral/inferosuperior axial (Lawrence) thee CR:
Directed at the surgical neck of the affected humerous
429
Identify on an image internal rotation of a shoulder and external rotation of a shoulder on an image
Yes or no
430
AP with extrenal rotation shows of the shoulder:
The greater tubercle in profile laterally
431
AP with internal rotation of the shoulder shows:
Lesser tubercle in profile medially
432
Right shoulder:
RPO
433
Left shoulder:
LPO
434
Posterior Oblique (Grashey)
The patient is supine or upright the body is rotated 35-45 degrees toward the effected side
435
For the Posterior Oblique (Grashey) what are you showing/demonstrating?
Glenohumeral joint space and the glenoid cavity in profile
Seperate the two
Scapherohumeral joint space without superimposition
436
What is the most anterior aspect of the scapula?
Coracoid
437
What is the most superior lateral structure of the scapula?
Acromion process
438
How do you properly position for an AP scapula?
The patient supine
The arm is abducted to form a right angle with the chest
Elbow is flexed and arm brought to a forehand
CR is directed perpendicular to the IR 2 inches (5cm) inferior to the Coracoid process
439
AP or PA clavicle
Supine prone or upright the arm of the affected side is relaxed at the side
CR is directed perpendicular to the mid-shaft of the clavicle
440
As a technologist you are dealing with a AP Axial of the Clavicle:
15-30 Cephalic angle to the mid shaft of the clavicle
Patient positioned similar to AP
Demonstrates the clavicle above the lung field and rib cage
441
If as a technologist you are dealing with a PA Axial projection of the clavicle:
15-30 cuadad angle to the midshaft of the clavicle
442
Should AC joints be done all of the following except:
I’m the erect position
Bilateral for comparison
Avoid stressing the joint space if you suspect a shoulder separation?
Erect bilateral
With and without weights
Yes
Yes
No
443
Bone age study (Greulich and Pyle Method)
Ask the patient what hand they favor
PA left hand or wrist (non-dominant)
Single PA projection of the non dominant hand and wrist
444
Which of the following pathologies would a shoulder arthrogram be preformed to rule out?
Torn Rotator Cuff
445
Which of the following pathologies would be best demonstrated for a knee arthrogram?
Minisci
Joint Spaces
Cartilage
Cartilage and it’s joint spaces
446
Divides the body into equal right and left halves:
Midsagittal/median sagittal (MSP) plane
447
Any plane running parallel to MSP
Sagittal
448
Divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Mid coronal/mid axillary (MCP)
449
Any plane running parallel to MCP
Coronal
450
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse/horizontal
451
small rounded point of a bone
Tubercle
452
A round prominence; especially a large prominence on a bone usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligamnets
Tuberosity
453
a groove or fissure, especially a fissure between two convolutions of the brain
Sulcus
454
A shallow depression in the bone surface
Fossa
455
a long, narrow cut or depression, especially one made to guide motion or receive a corresponding ridge
Groove
456
a protuberance or projection on a bodily part and especially a bone
Eminence
457
an opening or hole through tissue, usually bone
Foramen
458
A type of joint between the bones of the skull where the bones are held tightly together by fibrous tissue
Suture
459
directed or moving backward
retrograde
460
antegrade
moving or extending forward
461
Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen
Retroperitoneal
462
Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs).
Intraperitoneal
463
C1
Mastoid Tip
464
C2-C3
Gonion
465
C3-C4
Hyoid Bone
466
C5
Thyroid (Adam's Apple)
467
C7
Vertebral Prominens (spinous process)
468
L2-L3
Inferior Costal (rib) margin
469
L3-L4
Umbilicus
470
Iliac Crest
L4-L5
471
T1
2 inches above the Jugular Notch
472
T2-T3
Jugular Notch
473
T4-T5
Sternal Angle
474
T7
Inferior angle of scapula
475
T9-T10
Xiphoid Process
476
S1
ASIS
477
Coccyx
greater trochanter
478
label the images, what percentage of the population?
1. Massive (hypersthenic)-5%, 2. Average (sthenic)-50%,
3. Slender (hyposthenic)-35%, 4. Very Slender (Asthenic)-10%
479
Stomach is more J-shape more midline
Hyposthenic/Asthenic
480
Identify each body habitus.
A. Sthenic
B. Hyposthenic
C. Asthenic
D. Hypersthenic
481
Identify Body Habitus:
A. Hypersthenic
B. Sthenic
C. Hyposthenic/Asthenic
482
What body habitus is the duodenal bulb to the right of the midline at the level of T11-T12?
Hypersthenic
483
What body habitus is the duodenal bulb slightly to the right of the midline at the level of L1-L2?
Sthenic
484
What body habitus is the duodenal bulb at the midline at the level of L3-L4?
Hyposthenic/Asthenic
485
is this a correct lateral lumbar spine?
no, rotated
486
What is wrong with this image?
the patient is rotated
seeing double sacrum
no clear intervertebral joint spaces
487
Pedical is anterior so the patient is under rotated
488
Patient is over rotated (closer to the lateral position)
489
The technician forgot to angle the tube
490
Spondylotisthesis
491
Flexion Lumbar Spine
Done in lateral position
492
Extension View of Lumbar Spine
Done in lateral position
493
Right and Left Bending Views
Done in AP position
494
495
