Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FMS > [FMS] CBS - intracellular signalling > Flashcards

[FMS] CBS - intracellular signalling Flashcards

1
Q

which one of these is NOT an example of an extracellular signal for amino acids and derivatives:

glutamate,
estrogen
adrenaline, dopamine

A

oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which one of these is NOT an example of an extracellular signal for a steroid:

glutamate,
oestradiol, testosterone
cortisol, aldosterone

A

glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

give an example of an extracellular signal released by prostaglandins

A

eicosanoids - derived from arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which one of these is NOT an example of an extracellular signal for proteins and peptides

insulin,
glucagon,
growth factor
aldosterone

A

aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which one of these is NOT an example of an extracellular signal for gases

nitric oxide, carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide

A

carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 5 different ways cells can signal to eachother

A

endocrine
autocrine
paracine
contact dependent
neuronal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

definition of endocrine signals

A

signal produced by cells in one part of body, travels in blood to target other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

definition of autocrine signals

A

signal acts on same cell that produces it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

definition of paracrine signals

A

signal produced by cell and acts on other cells that are very close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

definition of contact dependent signals

A

signal is integral part of one cell and interacts directly with another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

definition of neuronal signals

A

electrical signal transmitted down cell and message passed to another via synapse (neurotransmitter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

signals can bind to different receptors, what 2 receptors can adrenaline bind to?

A

β adrenergic receptor (adrenaline)

α adrenergic receptor (adrenaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

whats the nature of a cell surface receptor? hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

whats the nature of an intracellular receptor? hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

give an example of a hydrophilic cell surface receptor (hormone)

A

adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

give an example of a hydrophobic intracellular receptor (hormone)

A

steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

difference between how hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones interact?

A

hydrophilic = doesn’t enter
hydrophobic = enters cell

  1. Cell surface receptor
    – Hormone is hydrophilic e.g. adrenaline
    – Binding of hormone triggers response inside cell
    – Hormone does not “enter” the cell
  2. Intracellular receptor
    – Hormone is hydrophobic e.g. steroid hormones
    – Hormone crosses the plasma membrane
    – Hormone binds to receptor in the cytosol and triggers a response
    inside cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

there are different types of signalling, give an example of what binds to a signal receptor when the depolarisation of membrane due to flow of ions occurs

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

there are different types of signalling, give an example of what binds to a signal receptor when the direct activation of transcription factor occurs

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

there are different types of signalling, give an example of what binds to a signal receptor when the generation of secondary message inside cell occurs

A

glucagon – cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

there are different types of signalling, give an example of what binds to a signal receptor when the Direct activation of enzymatic kinase cascade occurs

A

EGF – MAP kinase pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ion channels like acetylcholine bind to …… …… receptors

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 examples of ions that go through the ion channels in a nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the direct activation of transcription factors occur?

A
  • Steroid hormones contain a hormone binding domain, a DNA binding domain and a domain for interacting with other transcription factors
  • Binding of steroid induces conformational change that allows DNA binding and activation of transcription of target genes
  • Sequence specific DNA binding domain – hormone response elements in sequence of target genes
  • They are ligand–dependent transcription factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which of these is not a secondary messenger cyclic amp ip3/DAG Ca2+ Na2+ nitric oxide cyclic GMP
Na2+
26
what are secondary messengers generated by?
enzymes
27
what can GPCR activate?
1. adenylyl cyclase (adenylate cyclase) 2. phospholipase C
28
what does adenylyl cyclase produce?
adenosine 3’:5’ - cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)
29
what 2 things does phospholipase C produce?
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG)
30
how many transmembrane domains does GPCR have?
7
31
how many transmembrane helices are there in GPCR and are they alpha or beta?
7, transmembrane ALPHA helixes
32
what kind of complex is Guanine nucleotide binding proteins (g-proteins)
heterotrimeric - made up of alpha, beta, gamma subunits
33
where is the g-protein interaction domain on GPCR, the exterior or the cytosol?
cytosol
34
where is the n-terminal and c-terminal located in GPCR
n terminal (NH3) B on exterior c terminal (COO-) in cytosol
35
what happens when GTP binds to a g-protein
dissociates when GTP binds
36
in what form is a g-protein active, and in what form is it inactive?
active = when GTP binds to alpha, and this dissociates from β and γ inactive = when GTP is hydrolysed to GDP, therefore alpha reassociates back to β and γ
37
outline what happens in the interaction between GPCR with G-proteins to make effector enzymes
38
what does cAMP activate?
protein kinase a - PKA
39
what kind of enzyme is pKA? what subunits is this enzyme composed of?
tetrameric enzyme - 2 regulatory (R) and 2 catalytic subunits (C)
40
when pKA is inactive what state does it exist in? and how is it activated.
it exists as a tetramer when inactive, when **cAMP** binds to the R sub units it activates the C sub units
41
how do you get from phosphorylase kinase b to phosphorylase kinase a
42
how do you get from phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a
43
how do you get from glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate?
44
how do you get from glycogen synthase a to glycogen synthase b
45
ATP + adenylyl cyclase =
cAMP
46
cAMP + phosphodiesterase =
AMP
47
what does PKA phosphorylate and why?
1. PKA phosphorylates **CREB** (cAMP response element binding protein) 2. CREB binds to specific sequences in target genes stimulating transcription ^ long term adaptation to starvation: changes in gene expression
48
Some GPCR contain Gαq (Gq) subunit, what does dissociated Gq do?
Dissociated Gq activates phospholipase C
49
which 2 inositol phospholipids does phospholipase c cleave in the membrane?
Diacylglycerol (DAG) Inositol 1, 4, 5 trisphosphate (IP3)
50
what channel does IP3 activate in the endoplasmic reticulum and what happens as a result?
IP3 activates Ca2+ channel in endoplasmic reticulum as a result, Ca2+ concentration increases in cytosol
51
what 2 things activate phospholipase c?
DAG together with Ca2+
52
what binds to tyrosine residues in cytoplasmic domain of receptor (RTK)?
EGF
53
What happens when EGF binds its specific receptor?
The EGF receptor **dimerizes** and triggers the **autophosphorylation** of tyrosine residues in **cytoplasmic domain of receptor** : Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
54
Adaptor proteins contain phosphotyrosine binding domains, what are the 2 binding domains?
– SH2 (src – homology 2) – PTB (phosphotyrosine binding)
55
what adaptor proteins must bind to the receptor to activate the exchange of GDP-Ras → GTP-Ras
GRB2 and SOS
56
what is the structure of Ras?
Ras is **monomeric G-protein**
57
what does GTP-Ras trigger?
a kinase cascade
58
outline Ras-MAP kinase pathway
just remember Ras - 3 - kinases (starts with KKK and then goes KK, then K)
59
is Ras-MAP kinase pathway a secondary messenger?
no - because the **signal is amplified, not transmitted** from one thing to another
60
difference between a primary and secondary messenger?
Primary Messenger: The signaling molecule (such as a hormone or neurotransmitter) that binds to a receptor on the cell surface, initiating the signaling process. Secondary Messenger: Small molecules inside the cell (like cAMP, Ca2+, inositol trisphosphate - IP3, diacylglycerol - DAG, etc.) that are generated or activated in response to the binding of the primary messenger to the receptor.
61
what is convergence?
Different signals trigger different pathways but **cause the same effect in the cell**
62
what is cross talk?
different signals trigger different pathways **blocking each other** for example - EGF signalling via phosphotyrosine kinase and Ras-MAP kinase but adrenaline inhibiting one of the steps via PKA action
63
do quiz on keats and write down what score i got
https://keats.kcl.ac.uk/mod/quiz/view.php?id=7540217
64
whats the structure of a G-protein
* Heterotrimeric complex
65
which enzyme activity does the second messenger DAG activate? adenyl cyclase phospholipase C protein kinase A protein kinase C tyrosine kinase
Protein Kinase C

FMS (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions