[FMS] NAM - anaerobic metabolism

Question 1

what is this?

Answer 1

glucose

to differentiate between a and b glucose, remember ‘abba’

Alpha Below carbon 1
Beta Above carbon 1

Question 2

what is this?

Answer 2

glycogen

Question 3

what is this?

Answer 3

pyruvate

Question 4

what is this?

Answer 4

lactate

Question 5

what is the function of glucose

Answer 5

• osmotically active
• Immediate energy source

Question 6

what is the function of glycogen

Answer 6

Low osmolarity
Medium term fuel source

Question 7

what is anaerobic metabolism also known as?

Answer 7

glycolysis

Question 8

what happens in glycolysis

Answer 8

glucose C6 –> 2 pyruvate C3

Question 9

where does glycolysis take place

Answer 9

cytosol

Question 10

which tissues does glycolysis take place in

Answer 10

all tissues

Question 11

what are the 2 functions of glycolysis

Answer 11

• ‘energy’ trapping (ATP synthesis)
• intermediates for fat and amino acid synthesis

Question 12

what are the 3 sources of glucose for glycolysis

Answer 12

Sugars & starch from diet

Breakdown of stored glycogen from the liver

Recycled glucose (from lactic acid or amino acids or glycerol)

Question 13

what are the 4 stages of glycolysis

Answer 13

-activation (using up ATP)

-Splitting 6C into half

-oxidation(removing 2H atoms)

-synthesis of ATP

Question 14

what is activation stage for glycolysis

Answer 14

Question 15

how are the molecules split in glycolysis

Answer 15

Question 16

what is the oxidation step in glycolysis

Answer 16

Question 17

what is the ATP synthesis stages in glycolysis

Answer 17

Question 18

what is the first exmaple of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis

Answer 18

both reaction 7 and 10**

Question 19

what is isomerisation in glycolysis

Answer 19

isomerisation is the process of changing from one isomer to another, so in the pic below you can see they take the phosphate from 3rd carbon and put it on the 2nd

Question 20

what is another example of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis

Answer 20

Question 21

what is the yield of ATP from glycolysis

Answer 21

• early stages use 2 ATP

-later stages make 4 ATP

-net yield = 2 ATP

-nadh produced

Question 22

which 2 reactions make ATP in glycolysis

Answer 22

Question 23

what is anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 23

When theres NO O2 or NO MITOCHONDRIA pyruvate is not metabolised to CO2

Pyruvate converted to lactate in order to convert the cofactor NADH back to NAD+

pyruvate + NADH + H+ → NAD+ + lactate

Question 24

the reaction of pyruvate to lactate is catalysed by what reaction?

Answer 24

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Question 25

what is the metabolic fate of pyruvate (ie if there is oxygen present - in aerobic conditions)

Answer 25

put into TCA cycle

Question 26

how is glycolysis regulated, what kind of control is it under?

Answer 26

allosteric control hormonal control

Question 27

what are 3 specialised functions of ATP in tissues?

Answer 27

Skeletal muscle: ATP production during intense exercise Red blood cells: only pathway for ATP production (no mitochondria) Brain: major source of ATP (cannot use fats as fuel)

Question 28

is glycolysis catabolic or anabolic?

Answer 28

catabolic

Question 29

which energy pathway can function in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions (red cells & skeletal muscle)

Answer 29

glycolysis

Question 30

What are the end products of glycolysis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions? 1. carbon dioxide and lactate 2. acetyl CoA and lactate 3. pyruvate and lactate 4. pyruvate and acetyl CoA 5. acetyl CoA and pyruvate

Answer 30

3. pyruvate and lactate

Question 31

In which three cell types is the glycolysis pathway of particular importance? 1. Brain, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells 2. Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells 3. Brain, liver, and red blood cells 4. Liver, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells 5. Brain, liver, and skeletal muscle

Answer 31

1. Brain, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells

Question 32

The net yield of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis is: 1 ATP per glucose molecule 2 ATP per glucose molecule 4 ATP per glucose molecule 6 ATP per glucose molecule 8 ATP per glucose molecule

Answer 32

2 ATP per glucose molecule

Question 33

Which two reactions in glycolysis result in direct production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation? Those catalysed by: 1. hexokinase and pyruvate kinase 2. aldolase and pyruvate kinase 3. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase 4. hexokinase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 5. aldolase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer 33

3. 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase

Question 33

when is glycolysis rate increased and why?

Answer 33

- intense muscle work and exercse - after high carb meal ^ high insulin levels

Question 34

when is glycolysis rate decreases and why

Answer 34

fasting state ^ high levels of glucagon circulating

Question 35

which enzyme can be allosterically controlled

Answer 35

phosphofructokinase

Question 36

what molecule can increase/ decrease glycolysis

Answer 36

- ATP and citrate decrease - AMP increase