FNDRC NBCD C11 (Water and Electrolytes)

Question 1

Water accounts for about ___% of the total body weight of an adult, making it the most abundant constituent of the body.

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

What are the examples of electrolytes?

Answer 2

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Chlorine
Phosphate
Magnesium

Question 3

Water and electrolytes are essential dietary components in that they must be acquired from the diet - either as ______ or in other forms like ____.

Answer 3

pure water; beverages

Question 4

What are the functions of water?

Answer 4

Ma-FiT SI SLUt

1. Macromolecule structure
2. Fill in the spaces in cells
3. Transporter of nutrients and wastes
4. Solvent in chemical reations
5. Involves in chemical reactions
6. Shock absorber in the eyes & spinal cords
7. Lubricant around the Joints
8. Temperature regulator

Question 5

Body water is found in 2 compartments:

Answer 5

1. Extracellular
2. Intracellular

Question 6

As an ICF, water is how many LITERS and what electrolytes are involved? What are their IONIZED classification?

Answer 6

ICF = 30 L
Potassium = major cation (K+)
Phosphate = major anion (P-)

Question 7

As an ECF, water is how many LITERS and what electrolytes are involved? What are their IONIZED classification?

Answer 7

15 to 17 Liters.
Sodium = major cation (Na+)
Chloride = major anion (Cl-)

Question 8

Anion and Cation means?

Answer 8

Cation = positively charged ion
Anion = negatively charged ion

Question 9

What are the 3 subdivisions of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID?

Answer 9

1. Intravascular
2. Intercellular
3. Transcellular

Question 10

These are fluids within the blood vessel. And about how many liters?

Answer 10

Intravascular fluids; 3L

Question 11

Intercellular fluids are also known as?

Answer 11

Interstitial or Extravascular fluids

Question 12

These are the fluids around and between the cells

Answer 12

Intercellular/Interstitial/extravascular

Question 13

These are the fluids in the eyeball (vitreous humor), around joints (synovial fluid), and within digestive secretions

Answer 13

Transcellular fluids

Question 14

It is the maintenance of normal ECF or the external environment of the cells.

Answer 14

Homeostasis.

Question 15

____ and ____ govern our water intake, sensed by the mouth, the hypothalamus, and the stomach.

Answer 15

Thirst & satiety

Question 16

From the following WATER SOURCES, how much water are taken from these?

LIQUIDS:
FOODS:
METABOLIC WATER:
Total (Range)

Answer 16

LIQUIDS: 550 to 1500 ml
FOODS: 700 to 1000 ml
METABOLIC WATER: 200 ml to 300 ml
TOTAL (Range): 1450 to 2800

Question 17

From the following WATER EXCRETION SITES, how much water are taken out from these?

KIDNEYS:
LUNGS:
FECES:
SKIN:
Total (Range):

Answer 17

KIDNEYS: 550 to 1500 ml
LUNGS: 700 to 1000 ml
FECES: 200 to 300 ml
SKIN: ??
Total (Range): 1450 to 2800 ml

Question 18

Water balance or fluid balance is achieved through the:

Answer 18

a) Control of fluid intake
b) Control of the rate of fluid lost through the kidneys.

Question 19

What are the hormones for fluid balance?

Answer 19

Angiotensin, Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), and aldosterone.

Question 20

ADH means?

Answer 20

Anti diuretic hormone

Question 21

What is the main action of aldosterone? And what is its effect in fluid balance?

Answer 21

1. Increases SODIUM reabsorption; POTASSIUM excretion in the kidneys
2. Promotes WATER RETENTION (follows Na+), increasing ECF Volume.

Question 22

What is the main action of ANGIOTENSIN? And what is its effect in fluid balance?

Answer 22

1. Causes vasoconstriction & stimulates aldosterone release.
2. Raised BP and supports fluid retention indirectly

Question 23

What is the main action of ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE? And what is its effect in fluid balance?

Answer 23

1. Increases water reabsorptions in kidney collecting ducts (via aquaporins)
2. Reduces urine output, conserving water & increasing ECF volume

Question 24

Summary of the roles of hormones for fluid balance:

Answer 24

Aldosterone: Retains salt –> water follows

Angiotensin: Constricts vessels; triggers aldosterone release

ADH: Retains pure water; Na-independent

Question 25

Water balance is disturbed in what ways?

Answer 25

1. Dehydration 2. Overhydration or Water intoxication

Question 26

It refers to a condition resulting from excessive water loss, accompanied by losses of electrolytes.

Answer 26

Dehydration

Question 27

A condition that results from excessive intake of fluids without an equivalent amount of salt

Answer 27

Overhydration or Water intoxication

Question 28

What are the regulators of water balance?

Answer 28

1. Thirst 2. Hormonal control - RAA Mechanism

Question 29

What does RAA mean?

Answer 29

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone

Question 30

It is an enzyme from the kidneys that is secreted in response to low renal blood flow.

Answer 30

Renin

Question 31

It is an enzyme that converts the plasma proteins Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2.

Answer 31

Renin

Question 32

It is a hormone from the adrenal cortex that stimulates sodium retention.

Answer 32

Aldosterone

Question 33

ADH is also known as?

Answer 33

Vasopressin or Arginine (Vasopressin)

Question 34

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and retains water.

Answer 34

AVP/ADH/Vasopressin

Question 35

To compensate for water losses, the body must take in daily at least 2.5 L of water based on a recommended intake of:

Answer 35

1 ml per kcal of energy expenditure

Question 36

These are products of ionization of salt, acid, or base dissolved in water.

Answer 36

Electrolytes

Question 37

These are electrically charged particles and exist as anion & cations distributed throughout the fluid compartments of the body

Answer 37

Electrolytes

Question 38

These are negatively charged particles. GIVE EXAMPLES:

Answer 38

Anions -Phosphate, Chloride, Bicarbonate, sulfate -Organic Acids (Lactate & Pyruvate) -Protein

Question 39

These are positively charged particles. GIVE EXAMPLES:

Answer 39

Cations Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, magnesium

Question 40

These are used by the body to help regulate the distribution, composition, and acidity of fluids.

Answer 40

Electrolytes

Question 41

Without electrolytes, what will happen to water molecules and to the body?

Answer 41

Without electrolytes, water molecules would: 1. Not distribute properly between fluid compartments (intracellular vs. extracellular) 2. Fail to maintain osmotic balance, leading to: a.) Cell swelling (if too much water enters cells) b.) Cell shrinkage (if too much water leaves cells) 3. Impair nerve and muscle function, since electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium are essential for electrical signals 4. Disrupt blood pressure and hydration regulation, as electrolytes help control water retention and loss via hormones

Question 42

Minimum daily requirement for water: Infants (<6 months)

Answer 42

800 ml

Question 43

Minimum daily requirement for water: Infants (6 to <12 months)

Answer 43

1000 ml

Question 44

Minimum daily requirement for water: Children (1 to 18 y/o) 10-20 kg

Answer 44

1000 ml (+ 50 ml/kg for each kg in excess of 10)

Question 45

Minimum daily requirement for water: Children (1 to 18 y/o) more than 20 kg

Answer 45

1000 ml (+ 20 ml/kg for each kg in excess of 20)

Question 46

Minimum daily requirement for water: Adults (19 and above)

Answer 46

2500 ml

Question 47

Minimum daily requirement for water: Older persons (> 65 y/o)

Answer 47

1500 ml

Question 48

Minimum daily requirement for water: Pregnant

Answer 48

+300 ml

Question 49

Minimum daily requirement for water: Lactating (first 6 years)

Answer 49

+750 to 1000 ml

Question 50

What are major electrolytes in ECF and ICF?

Answer 50

ECF = Sodium+ ; Chrloride- ICF = Potassium+ ; Phosphate- ENaCL IKPo

Question 51

When water loss exceeds electrolytes loss, what happens?

Answer 51

the ECF becomes hypertonic in relation to the ICF; the water moves from the cells to the ECF to restore equilibrium.

Question 52

Differentiate the 2 PRESSURES that Control the fluid movement in the body, based on: 1. What it Does 2. Where it acts (movement from-to) 3. Goal

Answer 52

1. Oncotic Pressure a.) Pulls the fluids INTO the vessels b.) FROM Tissues to --> TO the Bloodstrem c.) Keep the blood volume up (prevent fluid loss) 2. Hydrostatics pressure a.) Pushes OUT the fluid from the vessels b.) FROM the bloodstream --> TO the surrounding tissues c.) Delivers nutrients/fluids to the tissues MNEMONIC: HOOP! Hydrostatic = Out Oncotic = Pull in!

Question 53

Oncotic pressure comes from what type of proteins and give an example of that protein:

Answer 53

PLASMA PROTEIN = Albumin

Question 54

The most important electrolyte buffering system in blood is the:

Answer 54

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 55

It is a substance that helps maintain a stable pH in a solution by resisting changes in alkalinity or acidity

Answer 55

Buffer

Question 56

What if the pH of Plasma?

Answer 56

7.4

Question 57

What is the range of optimal pH at which the body can operate?

Answer 57

7.35 to 7.45

Question 58

What are the body mechanisms that help maintain the body's normal pH range

Answer 58

1. Buffer Systems that prevent drastic blood pH change: a.) Bicarbonate-carbonic system b.) Phosphate system c.) Hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin system and; d.) Protein 2. The lungs, excreting CO2 3. The kidneys, excreting excess acids in the urine.